BANISTERIA A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA Number 34 ISSN 1066-0712 2009 BANISTERIA A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA ISSN 1066-0712 Published by the Virginia Natural History Society The Virginia Natural History Society (VNHS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on all aspects of natural history in the Commonwealth of Virginia, including botany, zoology, ecology, archeology, anthropology, paleontology, geology, geography, and climatology. Membership in VNHS includes a subscription to Banisteria. Annual dues are $20.00 (per calendar year); library subscriptions to Banisteria are $40.00. Subscribers/members outside the United States should add $3.00 for additional postage. Checks should be made payable to the Virginia Natural History Society. Membership dues and inquires should be directed to the Secretary-Treasurer (address, page 2); correspondence regarding Banisteria to the Editor. Banisteria is a peer-reviewed journal. The Editor will consider manuscripts on any aspect of natural history from neighboring states if the information concerns a species native to Virginia or the topic is directly related to regional natural history (as defined above). For additional information regarding the VNHS, including other membership categories, field events, symposia, representative papers from past issues of Banisteria, and instructions for prospective authors, consult our website at: va-nhs.org Editorial Staff: Banisteria Editor Steven M. Roble Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 217 Governor Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219 Associate Editors Joseph C. Mitchell, Mitchell Ecological Research Service, LLC P.O. Box 5638, Gainesville, Florida 32627-5638 Richard L. Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History Martinsville, Virginia 24112 Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Department of Entomology Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634 Thomas F. Wieboldt, Department of Biology Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Banisteria No. 33 was published on 17 August 2009. Front cover. This image was adopted as the Virginia Natural History Society’s official logo on September 2, 2009. The design is based around sketches of a Virginia chain fern (Woodwardia virginica) frond and a fossil giant shark (Carcharodon megalodon) tooth by John Banister (1650-1692), Virginia’s first university-trained naturalist. Back cover: Indian Cucumber-root (Medeola virginiana), original drawing by John Banister. BANISTERIA A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA Number 34, 2009 An Annotated List of the Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Virginia: Part III. Emendations and Biogeography Oliver S. Flint, Jr., Richard L. Hoffman, and Charles R. Parker .....0000000o occ ccc ccccccceceeeceetesesseeeeeeennes Bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) of a Riverside Outcrop Prairie in Fairfax County, Virginia Brent W. Steury, Sam W. Droege, and Erik T. Oberg... ccccccccceeeeesssseeeeccsseeeeseeetsteeesentnees An Annotated List of the False Click Beetles of Virginia (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) Richard L. Hoffman, R. L. Otto, and Robert Vigneault 000.0000 e cece cece ccceteeeeeeeeeseseeeeeeteeeeeeeeeias The Forest Caterpillar Hunter, Calosoma sycophanta, an Old World Species Confirmed as Part of the Virginia Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) PNEEN NNT es EVI ct EES Re ee Mn me OUR OED IW a eMaet yy EEE ee A ae ay SEU RS Bo ENE ncaa Medlin he An Updated List of Macrolepidopteran Moths Collected near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia 1996-2003 Dee Hii Stone re witch che by os ere nan Wit oe Ree ake eM See MG pr ke Oe Me Rut i bammmceetdanaaeMenRrne ernie SfEehaar Shorter Contributions First Record of the Exotic Invasive Vitex rotundifolia (Verbenaceae) in Virginia Christian Hauser, Lee Rosenberg, and James E. Perry..........000ccccccccccecccecccceccceeeceseeeeeececeeeeeseettsteeessentnnetees Photographic Documentation of Blue-Morph Ross’s Goose (Chen rossii) on Assateague Island, Virginia Cia IR: ICTR CS A eae atte os tun Mba Rae eee nbn Ney APMED SPL Bae cheucrrn ty tose tdorkhagans men moka Apa tea adiat able dinar Two Austral Water Beetles New to the Virginia Fauna (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae) Richard L. Hoffman and Steven M. Roble...........cccccccccccccccccccececcccuceccccuceccuscesecusessesusecsssueeseuaesssstesessueessssaes Miscellanea |S 5) ab) ches ancy than ERR ARI SS ROCCO SIS SABER CENT SS BR TNT. (SUOMI DREUT AR) ERR NY URI oN SORppUR I? CEPPANT TS Erne ONY A SBMA ttt Virginia Natural History Society Officers, 2009 President C. Barry Knisley Department of Biology Randolph-Macon College Ashland, Virginia 23005 bknisley@rmc.edu (term expires December, 2010) Vice President Ralph P. Eckerlin Natural Sciences Division Northern Virginia Community College 8333 Little River Turnpike Annandale, Virginia 22003 (term expires December, 2010) Secretary-Treasurer William A. Shear Department of Biology Hampden-Sydney College Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943 wshear@hsc.edu (term expires December, 2012) Councilors Janet W. Reid, Martinsville (term expires December, 2009) Michael Lachance, Shipman (term expires December, 2010) Oliver S. Flint, Jr., Alexandria (term expires December, 2012) Honorary Councilors Richard L. Hoffman Michael Kosztarab Joseph C. Mitchell Webmaster John White Banisteria, Editor Steven M. Roble steve. roble@dcr.virginia.gov Banisteria, Number 34, pages 3-16 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society An Annotated List of the Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Virginia: Part III. Emendations and Biogeography Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Department of Entomology National Museum of Natural History Washington, D. C. 20560 Richard L. Hoffman Virginia Museum of Natural History Martinsville, Virginia 24112 Charles R. Parker U. S. Geological Survey Great Smoky Mountains National Park Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738 ABSTRACT Ten species of caddisflies collected in Virginia since 2007 are added to the list of known native species occurring in the Commonwealth, bringing the total to 361. Most species are more or less statewide in distribution, but for others a clear distinction between boreal and austral patterns is evident, apparently reflecting environmental constraints of the immature stages. A considerable number of species reach their range limits within the state, mostly as the southern extremity of northern forms, but northern and eastern terminations are also evident. Several cases of lowland disjunctions of montane species are noted. A possible total of 400 resident species does not seem unlikely. Key words: Caddisflies, distribution, Trichoptera, Virginia. INTRODUCTION The two preceding parts of our summary of the caddisfly fauna of Virginia (Flint et al., 2004, 2008) documented a total of 351 species confirmed as native to the Commonwealth, 73 of them hitherto unpublished records. Ten additional species discovered by recent collecting increase the total to 361 species, surpassing the numbers published for Alabama (Harris et al., 1991) and Tennessee (Etnier et al., 1998) for the greatest known diversity of any eastern state. Nonetheless, since a number of other species are known to occur in adjacent states north, west, and south of Virginia, it is inevitable that continued inventory work will discover instate populations of many of these potential additions and this seems especially true for species of Hydroptilidae. Although collections have been made in virtually all of Virginia’s political divisions, the fact that so many of our resident species are known from less than five counties indicates that 361 is by no means an accurate approximation of the actual number of these insects that occur in this state. As many as 400 species does not seem unlikely, an estimate that seems justified by the following ten additions, all of which were made during the past several years, and seven of them from Caroline County, from which 56 species were previously known. 4 BANISTERIA I. ADDITIONS TO THE TRICHOPTERA FAUNA OF VIRGINIA *Hydropsyche (H.) decalda Ross: This seldom reported species is known all along the Gulf Coast states from Texas to Florida and up the Atlantic Coastal Plain as far as southern Delaware with a questionable record from Connecticut. This is the first report from the Coastal Plain in Virginia. Caroline Co., Lonesome Gulch Pond, Fort A.P. Hill Mil. Res., 38.102°N, 77.343°W, 10 June 2008, 23, 12 (NMNH); same, but Lonesome Gulch beaver pond, 26 May 2009, 3¢ (NMNH). *Orthotrichia dentata Kingsolver & Ross: Originally described from Florida, the species subsequently has been recorded from Mississippi and South Carolina. This is the first record from Virginia where it was taken in the Coastal Plain. Caroline Co., Jordan Crossing Pond, Fort A.P. Hill Mil. Res., 38.148°N, 77.375°W, 10 June 2008, 13 (NMNH); same, but 26 May 2009, 6¢, 32 (NMNH); same, but Lonesome Gulch, beaver pond, 38°06.1'N, 77°20.6'W, 20 July 2009, 2635, 82 (NMNH):; same, but Turkey Track Cr., pond above Jeff Davis Dr., 38°07.2'N, 77°22.1'W, 21 July 2009, 43, 102 (NMNH). *Oxyethira anabola Blickle: This species has a wide distribution in eastern North America. It is reported from Newfoundland west to Michigan and south to Alabama, with most records from New England. This first record from Virginia is from the Coastal Plain. Caroline Co., pond, | km S Range Control, Fort A.P. Hill Mil. Res., 38.062°N, 77.370°W, 10 June 2008, 14, 12 (NMNH). *Oxyethira glasa (Ross): This is a species primarily of the southeastern United States, being reported from Oklahoma and Louisiana east to Florida and north to South Carolina. Although only females have been taken in Virginia, the identification seems certain. Cleared females were compared with cleared females from a series containing both sexes collected in Florida, and they were found to be identical. It is another species taken up to now only in the Coastal Plain at Fort A.P. Hill in Caroline County. Caroline Co., Fort A.P. Hill, Turkey Track Cr., pond above Jeff Davis Dr., 38°07.2'N, 77°22.1'W, 21 July 2009, 62 (NMNH); same, but Lonesome Gulch, beaver pond, 38°06.1'N, 77°20.6'W, 20 July 2009, 12 (NMNH). Species has a in North *Triaenodes nox Ross: The widespread, but scattered, distribution NO. 34, 2009 America, being recorded from Quebec south to Florida and west to Wisconsin and Mississippi with an outlying record from British Columbia. This first record from Virginia is from the upper Coastal Plain. Caroline Co., Turkey Track Cr., Jeff Davis Dr., Fort A.P. Hill, 38°07.2'N, 77°2.1'W, 26 May 2009, 13, (NMNH). * Chimarra florida Ross: This species is another one limited to the Coastal Plain, being recorded from New Jersey to Florida and west to Mississippi. Lago & Harris (1987) recorded variants in the genitalia of this species - this one from Virginia is very similar to the variant from New Jersey. These are the first examples known from Virginia. Caroline Co., Jordan Crossing Pond, Fort A.P. Hill Mil. Res., 38.148°N, 77.375°W, 10 June 2008, 14 (NMNH); same, but 26 May 2009, 49 (NMNH); same, but outlet creek, Jordan Crossing Pond, 572 (NMNH); same, but Lonesome Gulch beaver pond, 38°06.1'N, 77°20.6'W, 49 (NMNH); same, but Turkey Track Cr., pond above Jeff Davis Dr., 38°07.2'N, 77°22.1'W, 21 July 2009, 19 (NMNH). * Paranyctiophylax banksi (Morse): This is another wide-ranging, but seldom reported, species of eastern North America. It is recorded from Quebec west to Minnesota and south to Alabama and Mississippi (these latter two records may be misidentifications of the closely related P. barrorum, J. C. Morse in Jitt.). This new record from Virginia is from the Cumberland Plateau in the far western part of the state. Dickenson Co., Breaks Interstate Park, porch at motel, 4 June 2008, 13, (NMNH). *Polycentropus carlsoni Morse: This is a rarely reported species known previously only from Alabama, South Carolina, and North Carolina. In addition to the below recorded collections, there is a single male from Montgomery County, Maryland in the NMNH. The Virginia collections were made primarily from a small trickle, which may dry up in summer, that is a tributary to the Potomac River. Fairfax Co., Turkey Run Park, Gulch stream, 38°57.9'N, 77°09.7'W, 9 collections, 2 May-21 Oct 2008, 1283, 1219 (NMNH); same, but W riverside, 38°58'N, 77°09.6'W, 23 Aug-18 Sep 2006, 1g (NMNH); same, but 3 collections, 18 May-27 Sep 2007, 63, 12 (NMNH); same, but 5-19 June 2008, 13 (NMNH); same, but riverside, 38°57.9'N, 77°09.4'W, 31 May-13 Jun 2007, 13 (NMNH); same, but by headquarters, 38°57'43", 77°08'53"W, 19 September-11 October 2006, 1¢ (NMNH). VA: Fairfax Co., Great Falls, swamp trail, 38°59.4'N, 77°15.2'W, 12-26 Jul 2007, 13 (NMNH). FLINT ET AL.: CADDISFLIES OF VIRGINIA 5 *Rhyacophila simmonsi Armitage: This species was recently described based on a series of males and larvae collected in southwest Virginia (Armitage, 2008). It is a member of the /ieftincki group, 12 species of which are found in eastern and southeastern Asia, one in western North America, and now R. simmonsi in Virginia. Smyth Co., N. Fork Holston River, RM85.6, Bradford Ford near McCready, 36.903°N, 81.734°W, 16 March 1990, 63 (NMNH, ROM, BJAC); same, but RM 91.6, 6 Nov 1988, 2 larvae. * Agarodes crassicornis (Walker): This species is an inhabitant of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, recorded from Maryland to Florida and Mississippi. There is a pair of examples from the Pine Barrens in eastern New Jersey in the collection of the NMNH. The Virginia collection is from the Coastal Plain. Caroline Co., Lonesome Gulch Pond, Fort A.P. Hill Mil. Res., 38.102°N, 77.343°W, 10 June 2008, 22 (NMNH): same, but Jordan Crossing Pond, 38.148°N, 77.375°W, 2° (NMNH). Il. BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS Although our knowledge of caddisfly distribution in Virginia is still woefully incomplete, existing information is sufficient to permit some general inferences about the different patterns of dispersal, here summarized as a set of models to be tested by subsequent collecting activities. These images are presented in two major categories, one treating species’ ranges in the broad sense, the other categorizing patterns as expressed within the state by groups of species collectively. A. Instate Distributional Limits The known ranges of a number of caddisflies terminate somewhere in Virginia, reflecting the basic distribution of the species. Some categories are very provisionally recognized, with several representative species cited for each. 1. Southern Appalachian taxa known in Virginia only from the Mount Rogers-White Top massif include Arctopsyche irrorata, Parapsyche cardis, Wormaldia mohri, Rhyacophila mycta, and Lepidostoma mitchelli. Several species, however, extend somewhat farther northward, typically along the Blue Ridge, with their terminal county indicated: Phylocentropus auriceps (Franklin), Cheumatopsyche etrona, Pycnopsyche flavata, and Goerita semata (Patrick), Brachycentrus spinae (Amherst), Lepidostoma_ tibiale (Giles), Hydroptila coweetensis, Dolophilodes major, and Rhyacophila teddyi (Page-Madison). 2. Species restricted to southern United States whose ranges terminate in the Virginia Coastal Plain include Orthotrichia dentata, Oxyethira glasa, and Ceraclea protonepha. 3. Somewhat more widely distributed austral species whose northernmost known locality lies in the Virginia Piedmont region: Hydropsyche catawba, H. fattigi, H. mississippiensis, H. rossi, Chimarra augusta, and Ceraclea neffi. 4. Many caddisfly taxa whose basic distributions lie to the north of Virginia extend southward through the Appalachians at increasingly higher elevations, ending in the Great Smokies or northern Georgia. However, a number of such species occur no farther south than somewhere in western Virginia. Some representatives with their county of record are: Glossosoma lividum (Bath), Cheumatopsyche — gracilis (Washington), Homoplecta monticola (Wythe & Tazewell), Hydropsyche walkeri (Washington), Agraylea costello (Giles), Hydroptila dentata (Rockbridge), H. metoeca (Smyth), Ochrotrichia denningi (Botetourt), Polycentropus pixi (Bath), Rhyacophila manistee (Smyth), and Nemotaulius hostilis (Highland). Several northern species occur in Virginia as populations seemingly very disjunct from the main body of their known ranges: Hydroptila acadia (Dismal Swamp region, from Nova Scotia), AH. ajax (Washington Co., from West Virginia and Kentucky), H. eramosa (Tazewell Co., from Ontario), and Ceraclea ruthae (Highland Co., from northern Pennsylvania). 5. A smaller contingent of species with “mterior/Midwestern” distributions occurs in western Virginia in the tier of counties adjacent to West Virginia and Kentucky. Some represent apparent disjunctions from the main body of the species’ range: Hydroptila artesa (Bath Co., from the Ozark region), H. lonchera (Louisa Co., from a Cumberland Plateau — New Hampshire range), and Polycentropus interruptus (southeastern counties, from Tennessee). B. Instate Distributional Patterns The extent to which the caddisfly fauna of the cities and counties of Virginia has been sampled is indicated by Fig. 1. On that as well as all other maps, the Fall 6 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 A /20 pe 79 A’ ; Fe ttt ogee 56 / 36 3/ £ Ve eal eRe Fig. 1. The counties of Virginia with number of documented caddisfly species indicated for each, including several former counties that became co-extensive when incorporated as cities. Lack of space did not permit entries for small independent cities (e.g., Galax, Radford). Fig. 2. County distribution for Oecetis inconspicua, the most frequently-collected species in our fauna. The lack of records for Bath County, otherwise with 119 species, is remarkable. FLINT ET AL.: CADDISFLIES OF VIRGINIA a Line is shown by an undulate broken line, and the Blue Ridge set off by two solid lines running northeast- southwest. The very uneven distribution of numbers of species reflects both accessibility of collecting sites, collector bias, and specific site emphasis, as well as the actual diversity of the region. It is likely, for instance, that the fauna of the two Eastern Shore counties will not be much greater than the current figures suggest. Few counties in the Coastal Plain per se are likely to harbor more than about 50 species. Twelve counties and (county-sized) cities in Virginia currently have only one to three confirmed species, with four additional counties completely lacking caddisfly records. The high figures for Caroline, Hanover, and Greensville counties reflect their location on the Fall Line, with both warm and cool water habitats as well as preferential collecting. Low numbers in the central and southern Piedmont are due primarily to neglect. Counties in and west of the Blue Ridge vary widely in terms of their known faunas, largely a function of collector bias, but it is reasonable to assume that most of them are inhabited by as many as 150 species. If geomorphic units are distinguished instead of political boundaries, it is entirely likely that the Mount Rogers/Iron Mountain region contains at least 200 caddisfly species, for instance. A large number of our species are essentially statewide in range, as exemplified by what is doubtless our most frequently collected species, Odccetis inconspicua (Fig. 2). It is a singular fact that this ubiquist has not yet been found in Bath County, which boasts the greatest number of resident species. Aside from the euryzonal species that occur nearly statewide, the most pervasive distributional pattern reflects the classic dichotomy of warm- vs. cold- adapted species. For caddisfly larvae, this translates into the combination of temperature, oxygenation, and chemical composition of the water in which they live. By looking at spot maps for those species that are common and frequently collected, it is possible to detect some general patterns, shared by a substantial number of species and frequently also observed by aquatic animals in other groups. One significant generality is the notable “layering effect” in progressing from species confined to the Coastal Plain (e.g., warm, low oxygen water) into taxa capable of living also in the different conditions of ever more inland and upland habitats. (4 ‘Austral/warm-adapted/thermophilic” patterns 1. In the Coastal Plain only (Fig. 3), their ranges often extending from New Jersey to Florida and westward. Some Virginia examples include Leptocerus americanus, Oecetis osteni, Triaenodes abus, Molanna uniophila, and Ceraclea protonepha. 2. In the Coastal Plain and Piedmont (Fig. 4), e.g., Hydropsyche rossi and Macrostemum carolina. 3. Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and sporadic sites at low elevations in the Blue Ridge and westward (Fig. 5). Oecetis nocturna provides one example. Collection records suggest that the more inland localities represent dispersal along the courses of larger streams. 4. A number of species, particularly hydropsychids, occur in Virginia solely in the Piedmont, where some attain their northernmost known limits (Fig. 6): Hydropsyche catawba, H. fattigi, H. mississippiensis, Cheumatopsyche parentum, Hydroptila quinola, Neotrichia vibrans, and Ochrotrichia tarsalis. “Boreal/cold-adapted/psychrophilic” patterns 5. At high elevations (>1,000 meters) only in the Alleghanies (Fig. 7), Banksiola dossuaria. 6. Widespread on and west of the Blue Ridge (Fig. 8): Protoptila maculata, Cheumatopsyche gracilis, C. minuscula, C. sordida, C. wrighti, Hydropsyche cheilonis, and H. potomacensis. 7. Mountains and Piedmont only, e.g., general west of the Fall Line (Fig. 9), including Cheumatopsyche campyla, C. ela, C. geora, Hydropsyche bronta, H. scalaris, H. sparna, Macronemum zebratum, Chimarra aterrima, C. obscura, Mystacides sepulchralis, and Psychomyia flavida. A considerable number of species are widespread on and west of the Blue Ridge, but also occur across the northern third of the Piedmont, west of a line between Charlottesville to Arlington. This is curious because the climate of the northern Virginia Piedmont is as warm as that anywhere in the state. Unusual patterns 8. A surprisingly large number of species are documented in Virginia so far only from the Blue Ridge itself (Fig. 10): Agapetus pinatus, Cheumatopsyche halima, Dolophilodes major, Rhyacophila appalachia, R. teddyi, Adicrophleps hitchcocki, Brachycentrus spinae, Micrasema burksi, and Goerita stylata. Such a geographic constraint is curious, perhaps representing surviving populations of species that formerly existed also westward in the Alleghanies. 8 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Fig. 3. County distribution of Oecetis osteni, a species basically restricted to the Coastal Plain in Virginia. The single disjunct spot in Lunenburg County possibly represents the capture of an adventive individual; confirmation of this record is desirable. Fig. 4. County distribution of Hydropsyche rossi (&) and Macrostemum carolinum (e@ ), two Coastal Plain species which extend sporadically westward onto the Piedmont. FLINT ET AL.: CADDISFLIES OF VIRGINIA 9 Fig. 5. County distribution of Oecetis nocturna, an example of an “austral” species that also occurs west of the Blue Ridge at lower elevations (recent peripheral migrants?). Fig. 6. County distribution of two caddisflies whose ranges in Virginia are restricted to the Piedmont: Hydropsyche catawba ( &) and H. mississippiensis (@ ). 10 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Fig. 7. County distribution of Banksiola dossuaria, a species of northern affinities that occurs in Virginia at elevations above 1,000 meters in the Alleghanies and Cumberland Plateau regions. Fig. 8. County distribution of Hydropsyche potomacensis (@ ) and Cheumatopsyche wrighti ( &), occurring in both the Blue Ridge and Alleghanies. FLINT ET AL.: CADDISFLIES OF VIRGINIA 11 Fig. 9. County distribution of Mystacides sepulchralis, widespread in the Piedmont and mountains but absent from the Coastal Plain, a common pattern among Virginia caddisflies. r ie o's ste ee PY ay at Fig. 10. County distribution of Dolophilodes major, one of several species known only from the Blue Ridge. 12 BANISTERIA 9. An interesting pattern reflects the classical “Lower Austral” distribution: widespread east of the Blue Ridge but also present in the far southwestern counties, where the valleys of the upper Tennessee River system, as well as the adjacent low mountains of the Appalachian Plateau, are occupied (Fig. 11). This pattern is seen in a considerable number of strictly terrestrial organisms, vertebrates as well as arthropods. Caddisfly examples include Phylocentropus placidus, Nectopsyche pavida, and Ironoquia kaskaskia. 10. A substantial number of species occur in Virginia only in and west of the New River Valley, but exclusive of the Iron Mountain region (Fig. 12). Some of these are quite local, some are dispersed westward in the Cumberland Plateau, a few others (e.g., Rhyacophila atrata) extend far northward. Without sorting into such categories, this caddisfly fauna contains: Agapetus tomus, Hydropsyche bassi, H. depravata, H. etnieri, H. rotosa, Hydroptila eramosa, H. fiskei, H. grandiosa, Rhyacophila otica, Neophylax acutus, N. etnieri, and N. toshioi. 11. The distribution of one common. species commands attention. Phryganea sayi (Fig. 13) appears at first glance to be statewide, but available records indicate three prominent lacunae. There are no collections from Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, and the two Eastern Shore counties, all of which have been extensively surveyed in recent years, although the species extends as low as sea level in Mathews, York, and Lancaster counties. There are no records for the central and northern Alleghanies, north of Clifton Forge, even for thoroughly sampled Bath County and the northern Blue Ridge. Thirdly, there are no records for the Mount Rogers region: Smyth, Grayson, and Washington counties. This large and usually abundant caddisfly could scarcely be overlooked in even the most superficial collecting. Elevation is not a factor: P. sayi has been found above 3,000 feet (900 m) in both Tazewell and Floyd counties. 12. Last, but surely not least, is a small contingent of species whose ranges are basically montane, but which also occur at favorable sites on or below the Fall Line in eastern Virginia (Fig. 14): Lepidostoma tibiale, Ceraclea diluta, Limnephilus moestus, and Triaenodes perna. Existing records imply that these species apparently are absent from the Piedmont. Perhaps such insects are Post-Pleistocene climatic relicts that survived the warmer Hypsithermal Interval in localized cool habitats. NO. 34, 2009 EPILOGUE In retrospect, it is obvious that current knowledge of the caddisfly fauna of Virginia is scarcely more than a window into a future of unlimited discoveries: still more additions to the state fauna, new localities for both counties and species which are now so_ poorly represented, even still undescribed species. It is hoped by the compilers of the present list that a future generation of investigators will be challenged to confront the problems we have uncovered and exploit the world of discoveries afforded by the caddisflies themselves. Preparation of a comprehensive Trichoptera of Virginia should now be regarded as an attainable goal. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank those who have aided in this study, especially the many individuals who have collected specimens over many decades and then deposited them in institutional collections. We are grateful to Dr. J. Reese Voshell and Mr. Steve Hiner for providing access to the aquatic insect collections at VPI & SU. Very important collections were made by Dr. Steven M. Roble and the staff of the Virginia Division of Natural Heritage, particularly Ms. Anne C. Chazal and Mr. Christopher S. Hobson; these collections are placed in the Virginia Museum of Natural History. Mrs. Kristine L. Brown, Department of the Army at Fort A.P. Hill facilitated access to the post where valuable collections have been recently made. The various reviewers have made important suggestions and caught many errors; we thank them all. LITERATURE CITED Armitage, B.J. 2008. A new species in the Rhyacophila lieftincki group (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from southwestern Virginia. Zootaxa 1958: 65-68. Banks, N. 1904. A list of the neuropteroid insects exclusive of the Odonata, from the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 6: 201-217. Banks, N. 1907. Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the United States. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, PA. 53 pp. Banks, N. 1914. American Trichoptera — notes and descriptions. Canadian Entomologist 46: 261-268. FLINT ET AL.: CADDISFLIES OF VIRGINIA 13 Fig. 11. County distribution of Nectopsyche pavida, an austral species that extends northward in the Cumberland Plateau region and occurs in extreme southwest Virginia while absent from the Blue Ridge and folded Appalachians. Fig. 12. County distribution for two species of western affinities confined to the Alleghany and Cumberland Plateau regions, west of the New River Valley: Hydropsyche depravata (¢ ) and Neophylax toshioi ( A). 14 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Fig. 13. County distribution of Phryganea sayi, a common species for which there are no extant records for several well- sampled regions of Virginia. Fig. 14. County distribution of Lepidostoma tibiale (e ), a southern Appalachians endemic represented by disjunct populations on or near the Fall Line, and Limnephilus moestus (A), a boreal species extending as far south as North Carolina, with two relict populations known from the Coastal Plain. Triaenodes perna (* ) represents a similar distribution. FLINT ET AL.: CADDISFLIES OF VIRGINIA AS Betten, C. 1934. The caddis flies or Trichoptera of New York State. New York State Museum Bulletin 292: 1- 576. Blahnik, R.J., & R.W. Holzenthal. 2006. Revision of the genus Culoptila (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae). Zootaxa 1233: 1-52. Carnagey, D.W., & J.C. Morse. 2006. Females of the genus Ceraclea (Trichopera: Leptoceridae) in North America: taxonomy and classification. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34(2): 1-86. Chapin, J.W. 1978. Systematics of Nearctic Micrasema (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae). Unpublished MS. thesis. Clemson University, Clemson, SC. 136 pp. Etnier, D.A., J.T. Baxter, Jr., S.J. Fraley, & C.R. Parker. 1998. A checklist of the Trichoptera of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 73: 53- 72. Flint, O.S., Jr. 1984. The genus Brachycentrus in North America, with a proposed phylogeny of the genera of Brachycentridae (Trichoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 398: 1-58. Flint, O.S., Jr. 2007. Synonymy of some eastern North American species of Apatania (Trichoptera: Apataniidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 739-740. Flint, O.S., Jr., A. Englund, & B. Kumashiro. 2003. A reassessment and new state records of Trichoptera occurring in Hawaii with discussion on origins and potential ecological impacts. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 73: 31-40. Floyd, M.A. 1995. Larvae of the caddisfly genus Oecetis (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) in North America. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series 10 (3). 85 pp. Glover, J.B. 1996. Larvae of the caddisfly genera Triaenodes and Ylodes (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) in North America. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series 11 (2). 89 pp. Harris, S.C., P.E. O’Neil, & P.K. Lago. 1991. Caddisflies of Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama Bulletin 142: 1-441. Hoffman, R.L., & C.R. Parker. from Greensville County, Trichoptera). Banisteria 9: 17-32. 1997a. Virginia Caddisflies (Insecta: Hoffman, R.L., & C.R. Parker. 1997b. Limnephilus moestus Banks, a northern caddisfly in the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Banisteria 10: 25-26. Johanson, K.A. 1998. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the family MHelicopsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 53: 1-172. Johanson, K.A. 2002. Systematic revision of America Helicopsyche of the subgenus Feropsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 60: 1-147. Lago, P.K., & S.C. Harris. 1987. The Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) of eastern North America with descriptions of three new species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 95: 225-251. Manuel, K. [in press] The longhorn caddisfly genus Triaenodes (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) in North America. The Caddis Press, Columbus, OH. Moulton, J.K. 2007. New additions to the caddisfly fauna (Trichoptera) of Tennessee and Virginia, U.S.A. Entomological News 118: 209-210. Parker, C.R. 1998. A review of Goerita (Trichoptera: Goeridae), with description of a new species. Insecta Mundi 12: 227-238. Parker, C.R., & J.R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. A preliminary checklist of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Virginia. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 16: 1-7. Parker, C.R., & GB. Wiggins. 1987. Revision of the caddisfly genus Psilotreta (Trichoptera: Odontoceridae). Royal Ontario Museum, Life Science Contributions 144: 1-55. Roble, S.M., & OS. Flint, Jr. 2001. Nemotaulius hostilis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), a boreal caddisfly new to the Virginia fauna. Banisteria 18: 35-37. Roeding, C.E., & L.A. Smock. 1989. Ecology of macroinvertebrate shredders in a low-gradient sandy- 16 BANISTERIA bottomed stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8: 149-161. Ross, H.H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 23: 1- 326. Ross, H.H. 1956. Evolution and Classification of the Mountain Caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 213 pp. Schefter, P.W., G.B. Wiggins, & J.D. Unzicker. 1986. A proposal for assignment of Ceratopsyche as a subgenus of Hydropsyche, with new synonyms and a new species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 5: 67- 84. Schmid, F. 1982. Revision des _ Trichopteres Canadiens. I. Les Glossosomatidae et Philopotamidae (Annulipalpia). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique du Canada 122: 1-76. Schuster, G.A. 1979. On the identity of Molanna ulmerina Navas (Trichoptera: Molannidae). Entomological News 90: 249-250. Vineyard, R.N., G.B. Wiggins, H.E. Frania, & P.W. 2005. The caddisfly genus Neophylax Museum, Schefter. (Trichoptera: Uenoidae). Royal Ontario Ey, oe ale NO. 34, 2009 Contributions in Science 2. 141 pp. Weaver, JS. II. 1988. A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 24(2): 1-141. Weaver, J.S., IIIf. 2002. A synonymy of the caddisfly genus Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae), including a _ species checklist. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 145: 173-192. Wiggins, GB. 1998. The Caddisfly Family Phryganeidae (Trichoptera). University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 306 pp. Wojtowicz, J.A. 1982. A review of the adults and larvae of the genus Pycnopsyche_ (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) with revision of the Pycnopsyche scabripennis and Pycnopsyche lepida complexes. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 292 pp. Wojtowicz, J.A., & O.S. Flint, Jr. 2007. A new species of Pycnopsyche, P. pani (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), from the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. Pp. 349-354 Jn J. Bueno-Soria, R. Barba-Alvarez, & B. Armitage (eds.), Proceedings of the XII" International Symposium on _ Trichoptera. The Caddis Press, Columbus, OH. Banksiola crotchi Banks (from Ross, 1944). Banisteria, Number 34, pages 17-24 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society Bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) of a Riverside Outcrop Prairie in Fairfax County, Virginia Brent W. Steury U.S. National Park Service 700 George Washington Memorial Parkway Turkey Run Park Headquarters McLean, Virginia 22101 Sam W. Droege USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center BARC East, Building 308, Room 124 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Erik T. Oberg U.S. National Park Service 700 George Washington Memorial Parkway Turkey Run Park Headquarters McLean, Virginia 22101 ABSTRACT The bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) of a riverside outcrop prairie in Fairfax County, Virginia were surveyed twice monthly from June-October 2007 and March-May 2008. Capture methods included bee bowl transects and netting. A total of 91 taxa in 28 genera and five families was documented. These include the first Virginia records for Andrena nida Mitchell (Andrenidae) and Coelioxys immaculata Cockerell (Megachilidae) and the second Virginia record of Melecta pacifica atlantica Linsley (Apidae). The relative abundance of each species captured is recorded. Plant associations are given for each species netted. Key words: Apoidea, bees, Fairfax County, national park, pollination, prairie, Virginia. INTRODUCTION The ecological importance of bees as pollinators and their economic importance in the production of fruits and vegetables has been recognized since the late seventeenth century (Proctor et al., 1996), yet the bee fauna of Virginia remains poorly known. Virginia bee records can be gleaned from general texts on bees of North America (Mitchell, 1960, 1962; Hurd, 1979), generic revisions (LaBerge & Ribble, 1972; Baker, 1975), pollination studies conducted in _ the Commonwealth (Ivey et al., 2003; Shuler et al., 2005) or unpublished distributional data (Ascher & Droege, 2009). During the June 2006 Potomac Gorge Bioblitz, Anthidiellum notatum (Latreille), a bee previously unknown from Virginia (Evans, 2008), was collected by Craig Tufts and Hormuzd Katki from the riverside outcrop prairie vegetation zone (sensu Fleming, 2007) in Great Falls Park, Virginia. Suspecting that other rare bees might inhabit this globally rare plant community type, a systematic inventory of the associated bee fauna was begun in June 2007. The results of that study are presented herein. 18 BANISTERIA STUDY SITE The study site is the largest contiguous area (0.5 ha) of riverside outcrop prairie located in the 323 ha Great Falls Park in Fairfax County, Virginia (38°59'40.90" N, 77° 15'04.71"W). It lies in the Piedmont physiographic province, approximately 13 km northwest of the center of Washington, DC. The area is administered by the National Park Service as a unit of the George Washington Memorial Parkway. The riverside outcrop prairie occurs naturally in patches that cover a total area of only one hectare. Despite its small size, the prairie contains 283 vascular plant taxa, accounting for the richest plant community in Great Falls Park, which contains more than 1,015 total vascular plant taxa (Steury et al., 2008). One additional species, Geranium maculatum (author citations are given in Table 2), was added during this study to the riverside outcrop prairie flora. The prairie occupies bedrock terraces on the western rim of the Potomac River Gorge and is subject to considerable scour during major floods that stunt the growth of woody species and maintain a_ predominately herbaceous plant community. Although the site contains persistent pools, it 1s often seasonally xeric. It is located 14 to 17 m above mean water level and has a flood return interval estimated at 7 years (Lea, 2000). The vegetation is patchy because of frequent areas of exposed bedrock, but is locally dense where soil is present. Woody vegetation consists of low shrubs and stunted trees less than 10 m tall. In fall, the prairie is dominated by the warm-season grasses Andropogon gerardii Vitman, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, and stunted Fraxinus americana L. The surrounding vegetation includes deciduous woodlands and_ herbaceous shoreline plant communities. Riverside outcrop prairies are a_ globally-rare vegetation type known only from scattered sites along both sides of the Potomac River Gorge in Maryland and Virginia and from stretches of the Shenandoah River in Virginia (Fleming, 2007). The plant community is classified within the United States National Vegetation Classification as Piedmont/Central Appalachian Riverside Outcrop Prairie: Fraxinus americana/ Andropogon gerardii — Sorghastrum nutans — Schizachyrium scoparium — Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Herbaceous Vegetation (Grossman et al., 1998). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twice monthly, from 13 June to 1 November 2007 and 5 March to 23 May 2008, a transect consisting of 50 3.25 oz. Solo brand soufflé cups spaced NO. 34, 2009 approximately five meters apart was run. The white cups were painted fluorescent yellow, fluorescent blue, or left non-fluorescent white. The cups were filled with a dilute detergent mixture of one gallon of water and a squirt of liquid, unscented, Dawn Blue® or Planet® brand dishwashing detergent. Cups of the three colors were alternated in a transect that was oriented across the broadest width of the prairie. Transect routes varied slightly with each set. The average set time was 24 hours. Sets were planned to coincide with weather forecasts of sunny days and no rain. Opportunistic netting of bees was conducted for approximately one hour on the date of each set and recovery in order to optimize the number of captures (Roulston et al., 2007). Netted specimens were placed in killing jars containing ethyl acetate or tetrachlorethane. The species of plant on which each bee was netted was recorded. Bees collected in cups were filtered through a fine mesh 12.5 x 15 cm minnow net, stored in Whirl-packs with 70% ethyl alcohol, washed in warm water and dried with blotter paper. All specimens were pinned and deposited in the collection at the George Washington Memorial Parkway, Turkey Run Headquarters. Bees were identified using the Discover Life guide online at http://www.discoverlife.org/ mp/20q?search=A poidea. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 91 bee taxa in 28 genera and five families was documented (Table 1). Seven taxa were not determined to species due to difficulties in separating taxonomically similar species. These are identified to genus and the most closely related species or group is given in parentheses. Male specimens of Andrena alleghaniensis (author citations are given in Table 1) were indistinguishable from those of A. atlantica to the authors, so these are combined in the list of species. No additional specimens of Anthidiellum notatum were found during this study. The most species-rich family of bees found in the riverside prairie was Halictidae (25 taxa in seven genera), followed by Apidae (23/11), Andrenidae (21/2), Megachilidae (19/6), and Colletidae (3/2). The most species-rich genera were Andrena (20), Lasioglossum (18), Osmia (9), Nomada (7), and Bombus (5). The most commonly collected bees in the riverside outcrop prairie were Lasioglossum quebecense (162), Andrena erigeniae (95), Ceratina calcarata (63), C. strenua (56), L. tegulare (45), Hoplitis producta (33), and Augochlorella aurata (32). A total of 145 L. quebecense was captured in bee bowls during 9-10 April 2008. Based on total captures during each month, bees are most active in the riverside prairie in April (437 captures), May (154), July (117), and August (87). Bee bowls set on 17-18 March 2008 failed to capture STEURY ET AL.: RIVERSIDE PRAIRIE BEES 19 any bees and none were netted on those days; however, single specimens of A. erigeniae and L. quebecense were captured during 5-6 March 2008. Of the 91 total taxa, 28 are represented by one specimen. Twenty taxa were collected only by netting, including nine species of Andrena, two Nomada, and one species each of Bombus, Ceratina, Coelioxys, Colletes, Halictus, Lasioglossum, Melissodes, Osmia, and Xylocopa. Inventories in a superficially similar habitat type using seven Malaise traps near Flintstone, Maryland, 160 km (100 miles) northwest of Great Falls, produced 60 species and 27 morphospecies in 16 genera over three years (Kalhorn et al., 2003). Only 20.2% of the species overlapped in the two studies. Bees were netted on 41 plant taxa in 20 families within the riverside prairie, including 30 herbs and 11 shrubs or small trees (Table 2). The largest number of associations was documented for the Asteraceae (11 species), followed by five species of Rosaceae, and three species each of Ericaceae, Fabaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. More bee taxa were captured on Cerastium arvense ssp. velutinum var. velutinum (17 bee taxa) than on any other plant. Bees were captured on three non-native plant species: Pyrus calleryana, Ranunculus bulbosus, and Rosa multiflora. Thirteen bee taxa were captured during 9-10 April 2008 on one P. calleryana tree. The attractiveness of this non-native tree to native bees is an indication of how non-native plants may draw native pollinators, thus benefiting native plants in the community (Stubbs et al., 2007). However, Totland et al. (2006) documented strong negative impacts on the pollinator visitation rates to native plants when an exotic plant was introduced to a native plant community. Other plants in the riverside prairie that were visited by multiple bee taxa were Symphyotrichum patens (10 taxa), Cephalanthus occidentalis and Solidago simplex ssp. randii vat. racemosa (7 taxa each), and Pycnanthemum tenuifolium (5 taxa). Fairfax is the only known Virginia county with populations of the state-rare goldenrod Solidago simplex ssp. randii var. racemosa (Wieboldt et al., 2007). Bees documented on this plant were Apis mellifera, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Bombus impatiens, Ceratina calcarata, C. strenua, and Lasioglossum quebecense. Based on lack of documentation in Robertson (1929), Mitchell (1960, 1962), Hurd (1979), Moure & Hurd (1987), and Ascher & Droege (2009), rare associations between seven bee taxa and various plant genera were observed, including Augochlorella aurata (Allium and Euphorbia), Bombus _ perplexus (Polygonum), Ceratina calcarata _ (Agalinis), Lasioglossum tegulare (Spiraea), Megachile mendica (Agalinis, Allium, and Veronicastrum), Osmia collinsiae (Lythrus), and Osmia subfasciata (Vicia). According to eastern North American bee distribution data maintained by Ascher & Droege (2009), and reviews of Mitchell (1960, 1962), LaBerge & Ribble (1972), Baker (1975), and Hurd (1979), this survey documented the first Virginia records for Andrena nida Mitchell (Andrenidae) and Coelioxys immaculata Cockerell (Megachilidae) and the second record of Melecta pacifica atlantica Linsley (Apidae) from the Commonwealth. Andrena nida was previously documented from Vermont to northern Florida, and west to Mississippi and Missouri (Pascarella, 2008; Ascher & Droege, 2009). It has been recorded as active between 10 March and 15 May (Mitchell, 1960; LaBerge, 1972). Often considered an oligolege of Salix (Pascarella, 2008), one male was collected on 9 April in the Great Falls riverside prairie on the non-native tree Pyrus calleryana. Mitchell (1960) records this bee from a nest site in sand near a creek and cites collections of males on Prunus and Amelanchier in North Carolina. Pascarella (2008) recorded the first Florida record on Prunus angustifolia Marshall, further evidence that males often forage on members of the Rosaceae. Coelioxys immaculata is a_ cleptoparasite of Megachile addenda (Michener et al., 1994; Cane et al., 1996) and is documented in the Midwestern states from Kansas to Texas and along the East Coast from Massachusetts to central Florida (Pascarella, 2008; Ascher & Droege, 2009). It has been recorded as early as 30 March in Florida and as late as 14 July in Massachusetts (Baker, 1975). It forages on Asclepias, Baptisia, Tephrosia, Rubus, and Vaccinium (Mitchell, 1962; Cane et al., 1996). In the riverside prairie, single males were captured on 5 and 23 May on Vaccinium stamineum and Rubus flagellaris, respectively. Melecta pacifica atlantica is a cleptoparasite of Anthophora (Michener et al., 1994), known from New Jersey to Kansas, south to Alabama and Georgia (Ascher & Droege, 2009). It flies from March to May and is documented on Fragaria, Lithospermum, and Pentstemon (Mitchell, 1962). The only species of Anthophora found in the riverside prairie was A. ursina. During this study, one female M. pacifica atlantica was captured in a bee bowl set on 23-24 April 2008. The only other specimen record for Virginia was collected on 22 April 2003 near Charlottesville by Ruth Douglas. Anthophora ursina is also rarely collected in Virginia (Droege, pers. obs.). Although apparently absent from the central United States, this species is found in most western states north to Washington and Wyoming and south to Arizona and New Mexico. In the East, it is known west to Illinois and along the East 20 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Table 1. Bee taxa documented during this study. Nomenclature follows Ascher & Droege (2009). The earliest and latest dates of collection are reported, followed by plant associations using the letter-digit codes given in Table 2. Plant codes are followed by the number of individuals netted on the plant if >1. FL denotes specimens netted in flight. The total number of specimens 1s also reported for each taxon. Short-tongued Bees Family Andrenidae Andrena alleghaniensis Viereck/A. atlantica Mitchell Andrena banksi Malloch Andrena barbara Bouseman & LaBerge Andrena barbilabris (Kirby) Andrena bradleyi Viereck Andrena carlini Cockerell Andrena cressonii Robertson Andrena erigeniae Robertson Andrena forbesii Robertson Andrena imitatrix Cresson Andrena miserabilis Cresson Andrena nasonii Robertson Andrena nida Mitchell Andrena nigrae Robertson Andrena perplexa Smith Andrena personata Robertson Andrena tridens Robertson Andrena vicina Smith Andrena violae Robertson Andrena sp. (Trachandrena or Scrapteropsis group) Calliopsis andreniformis Smith Family Colletidae Colletes inaequalis Say Colletes thoracicus Smith Hylaeus sp. (subgenus Prosopis) Family Halictidae Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius) Augochlora pura (Say) Augochlorella aurata (Smith) Augochloropsis metallica (Fabricius) Halictus ligatus Say Halictus rubicundus (Christ) Lasioglossum admirandum (Sandhouse) Lasioglossum atlanticum (Mitchell) Lasioglossum bruneri (Crawford) Lasioglossum coeruleum (Robertson) Lasioglossum cressonii (Robertson) Lasioglossum fuscipenne (Smith) Lasioglossum imitatum (Smith) Lasioglossum laevissimum (Smith) Lasioglossum oblongum (Lovell) Lasioglossum pilosum (Smith) Lasioglossum planatum (Lovell) Lasioglossum platyparium (Robertson) Lasioglossum quebecense (Crawford) Lasioglossum rohweri (Ellis) 23 Apr; C3; 13 9 Apr, R3(19); 184, 19 9-10 Apr; R3; 30, 19 9-24 Apr, R3: 24 23 Apr; E2; 19 9-24 Apr; E2; 139 23 Apr-23 May; C3(3); 2d’, 29 5 Mar-6 May; C3; 54, 902 23 Apr; C3; 19 9 Apr; R3; 14 9-24 Apr. Cl, R3(5); 64 9 Apr-23 May; C3(6), R3; 53, 119 9 Apr; R3; 14 5-6 May; 1° 23-24 Apr: Cl, C3(2); 54, 19 5 May; C3; 14 9 Apr-23 May; El, E2; 49 23-24 Apr; C3, E2; 14,29 9 Apr-6 May; 14,72 9 Apr; R3; 14 11-12 Jul; 12 9-10 Apr: 1,19 23 Apr; C1; 13 28 Jun-12 Jul; 2° 27-28 Aug; 13 28 Jun-Oct 4; A8, A10, All, A12, R7; 23, 99 9 Apr-25 Sep; A3, A4, A10, E4, L3; 24’, 309 23-24 Jul; 13 23 Jul-24 Sep; Al1; 23,19 24 Sep; A5; 19 13 Jun-1 Nov; R6; 129 9 Apr-23 May; R5; 79 23 Apr-1 Nov; 149 9-10 Apr; 29 9 Apr-1 Nov; 139° 31 Oct-1 Nov; 119 23-24 Apr; 19 28-29 Jun; R7; 2° 11 Jul-9 Aug; 29 11 Jul-1 Nov; 119 5-6 May; 19 9-10 Apr; 19 5 Mar-1 Nov; A10(2), All; 1629 13 Jun-28 Aug; 99 STEURY ET AL.: RIVERSIDE PRAIRIE BEES Table 1 (continued). Lasioglossum tegulare (Robertson, sensu Gibbs, 2009) 9 Apr-1 Nov; R6; 459 Lasioglossum versatum (Robertson) Lasioglossum zophops (Ellis) Lasioglossum sp. (viridatum group) Sphecodes atlantis Mitchell Long-tongued Bees Family Apidae Anthophora ursina Cresson Apis mellifera Linnaeus Bombus bimaculatus Cresson Bombus fervidus (Fabricius) Bombus grisceocollis (DeGeer) Bombus impatiens Cresson Bombus perplexus Cresson Ceratina calcarata Robertson Ceratina dupla Say Ceratina strenua Smith Melecta pacifica atlantica Linsley Melissodes subillata LaBerge Melitoma taurea (Say) Nomada denticulata Robertson Nomada imbricata Smith Nomada luteoloides Robertson Nomada maculata Cresson Nomada sp. | (near cressonii Robertson) Nomada sp. 2 (near pygmaea Cresson) Nomada sp. 3 (bidentate group) Peponapis pruinosa (Say) Ptilothrix bombiformis (Cresson) Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus) Family Megachilidae Anthidium oblongatum (Illiger) Coelioxys immaculata Cockerell Coelioxys sayi Robertson Hoplitis pilosifrons (Cresson) Hoplitis producta (Cresson) Hoplitis spoliata (Provancher) Megachile addenda Cresson Megachile brevis Say Megachile mendica Cresson Osmia atriventris Cresson Osmia bucephala Cresson Osmia collinsiae Robertson Osmia conjuncta Cresson Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowsk1) Osmia lignaria Say Osmia pumila Cresson Osmia taurus Smith Osmia subfasciata Cresson Stelis lateralis Cresson 23 Apr; C3; 19 9-24 Apr; 29 8-9 Aug; 19 11-12 Sep; 19 9 Apr-5 May; F3(2); 44, 19 22 May-3 Oct; Al, A5(4), A9, A10(4), A11(3), C2, L1; 179 28 Jun-12 Jul; L2, R7; 23’, 19 11-12 Jul; 19 28 Jun-12 Jul; L2, R7(2); 33 28 Jun-4 Oct; A10, A11(2), R7(2), $2: 129 28 Jun-12 Jul; L2, P2, R7(5); 64, 29 21 9 Apr-1 Nov; A3, A4(4), A6, A7, A9(2), A10, A11(4), E4, R1(2), R3, $2(2); 310, 329 24-25 Sep; A6; 19 9 Apr-25 Sep; A2, A3, A10(7), All, C3; 144, 429 23-24 Apr, 19 3 Oct; All; 13 25 Sep-11 Jun; A5; 54’, 39 9-24 Apr: C3 1, R3(4); 54, 19 23 Apr-23 May; FL(2); 63 9 Apr; R3; 19 5 May; O1; 13 23 Apr-6 May; C3, R3; 2d, 29 23 Apr-23 May; E3(2); FL(1); 74, 32 9 Apr-23 May; C3(4); 107 23 Jul-12 Sep; 14, 29 11-24 Jul; 34 23 Apr-4 Oct; A7, All, Al2, R4; FL(2); 23, 49 28 Jun-12 Sep: L2, L3(2); 34, 72 5-23 May; E3, R5; 24 28 Jun-24 Sep; All; 43 5-23 May; S3; 53, 19 23 Apr-23 May; 304, 32 22-23 May; 33 22-23 May: 02: 4, 29 22-23 May; 1° 28 Jun-12 Sep; AS, AT, F2, L2(2), L3(2), R7(5), $2, $4; 214, 69 9 Apr-22 May; C3, R5; 30, 69 23 Apr-6 May; FL(1); 2¢, 39 9 Apr-23 May; F1, F3(2), G1: 34, 99 22-23 Apr; 14, 19 9-10 Apr: R3; 24, 29 22-23 May; 12 9 Apr-22 May; C3(2), G1(2), $3; 184, 69 9-24 Apr; P1, R2, $1; 134,29 5 May; F3; 1° 22-23 May; 24, 39 22 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Table 2. Plants documented as nectar and pollen sources for bees netted in the riverside outcrop prairie. The letter- digit codes preceding the plant names correspond to those used in Table 1. Nomenclature follows Kartesz (1999). Non-native plants are denoted by an asterisk. ASCLEPIADACEAE Al. Asclepias verticillata L. ASTERACEAE A2. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton A3. Erigerion annuus (L.) Pers. A4. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. AS. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. A6. lonactis linariifolius (L.) Greene A7. Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. A8. Solidago bicolor L. A9. Solidago nemoralis Aiton A10. Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. racemosa (Greene) Ringius A11. Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom A12. Symphyotrichum pilosum Wild. var. pringlei (A. Gray) S.F. Blake CAPRIFOLIACEAE Cl. Viburnum prunifolium L. CAMPANULACEAE C2. Lobelia puberula Michx. CARYOPHYLLACEAE C3. Cerastium arvense L. ssp. velutinum (Raf.) Ugbor. var. velutinum (Raf.) Britton ERICACEAE E1. Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx,) Shinners E2. Vaccinium corymbosum L. E3. Vaccinium stamineum L. EUPHORBIACEAE E4. Euphorbia corollata L. FABACEAE F1. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. ex Willd. F2. Lespedeza capitata Michx. F3. Vicia caroliniana Walter GERANIACEAE G1. Geranium maculatum L. LAMIACEAE L1. Lycopus virginicus L. L2. Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. LILIACEAE L3. Allium cernuum Roth OLEACEAE O1. Chionanthus virginicus L. ONAGRACEAE O2. Oenothera fruticosa L. POLEMONIACEAE P1. Phlox subulata L. POLYGONACEAE P2. Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. RANUNCULACEAE R1. Ranunculus bulbosus L.* ROSACEAE R2. Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald R3. Pyrus calleryana Decne. * R4. Rosa multiflora Thunb. * R5. Rubus flagellaris Willd. R6. Spiraea alba Du Roi var. /atifolia (Aiton) Dippel RUBIACEAE R7. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. SAXIFRAGACEAE S1. Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. SCROPHULARIACEAE S2. Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell S3. Penstemon laevigatus Aiton S4. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. STEURY ET AL.: RIVERSIDE PRAIRIE BEES 23 Coast between Rhode Island and Georgia (Ascher & Droege, 2009). It flies between March and June and has been recorded on Azalea, Pedicularia, Pentstemon, Vaccinium, and Vicia (Mitchell, 1962). Robertson (1929) recorded A. ursina on Aesculus, Asclepias, Astragalus, Cercis, Collinsia, Delphinium, Dicentra, Dodecatheon, Geranium, Lithospermum, Lonicera, Mertensia, Monarda, Phlox, Physalis, Polygonatum, Polymonium, Ribes, Scutellaria, Trifolium, and Viola. During this study, one male was taken in a bee bowl on 9-10 April 2008, and a male and a female were collected in bee bowls set on 23-24 April 2008. Two additional male specimens were taken on Vicia caroliniana on 23 April and 5 May 2008. Additionally, records from Virginia of Megachile addenda are uncommon. Found across the southern United States from California to southern Florida, and north to Quebec and Ontario, Canada (Pascarella, 2008; Ascher & Droege, 2009), it has been recorded between April and July on Amorpha, Baptisia, Hieraceum, Hypericum, | Oenothera, Opuntia, | Pentstemon, Polycodium, Psoralea, Rubus, Tephrosia, and Vaccinium (Mitchell, 1962). Robertson (1929) adds records from Asclepias, Coreopsis, Dianthera, Gillenia, and Rosa. In the Mid-Atlantic area this species is almost entirely associated with open, xeric, sandy sites of the Coastal Plain with niches similar to those found on beaches and riverside prairies in the Potomac River Gorge. Similarly, the moth Euxoa violaris (Grote & Robinson), which is known only to inhabit areas of loose, shifting sand such as beach and dune areas along the Atlantic Coastal Plain, was found in the Piedmont physiographic province in Great Falls Park in 2006 (Steury et al., 2007). In the riverside prairie, six M. addenda were captured on 22-23 May 2008. One male was netted on Oenothera fruticosa and five additional specimens were captured in bee bowls. The discovery of three bee species (Andrena nida, Coelioxys immaculata, and Anthidiellum notatum) new to the fauna of Virginia within an area of 0.5 ha over three years with a total search effort of less than three weeks seems to be an indication that the bee fauna of the Commonwealth remains poorly known. A Chao-2 estimate (Colwell & Coddington, 1994) calculated a total of 140 bee species within the riverside prairie compared to the sampling total of 91 taxa, suggesting that about a third of the actual fauna remains to be documented. As bee identification tools such as the Discover Life guides available online become more widely used and user friendly, it is expected that the knowledge of Virginia’s bee fauna will continue to expand. Search efforts in rare habitat types may prove to be particularly productive. LITERATURE CITED Ascher, J.S., & S.W. Droege. Records of eastern North American bees cited in J.S. Ascher. 2009. Apoidea species guide. Http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/ 20q?guide=Apoidea species. Draft 17. Accessed 12 January 2009. Baker, J.R. 1975. Taxonomy of five Nearctic subgenera of Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50: 649-730. Cane, J.H., D. Schiffhauer, & LJ. Kervin. 1996. Pollination, foraging, and nesting ecology of the leaf- cutting bee Megachile (Delomegachile) addenda (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) on cranberry beds. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89: 361-367. Colwell, R.K., & J.A. Coddington. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through _ extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series B) 345: 101-118. Evans, A.V. 2008. The 2006 Potomac Gorge Bioblitz. Overview and results of a 30-hour rapid biological survey. Banisteria 32: 1-80. Fleming, G.P. 2007. Ecological communities of the Potomac Gorge in Virginia: Composition, floristics, and environmental dynamics. Natural Heritage Technical Report 07-12. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond. 341 pp. plus appendices. Gibbs, J. 2009. Integrative taxonomy identifies new (and old) species in the Lasioglossum (Dialictus) tegulare (Robertson) species group (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Zootaxa 2032: 1-38. Grossman, D.H., D. Faber-Langendoen, A.S. Weakley, M. Anderson, P. Bourgeron, R. Crawford, K. Goodin, S. Landaal, K. Metzler, K. Patterson, M. Pyne, M. Reid, & L. Sneddon. 1998. International classification of ecological communities: terrestrial vegetation of the United States. Volume I. The national vegetation classification system: development, status, and applications. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. 126 pp. Hurd, P.D., Jr. 1979. Superfamily Apoidea. Pp. 1741- 2209 In K.V. Krombein, P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, & B. D. Burks(eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America 24 BANISTERIA North of Mexico. Washington, DC. Smithsonian Institution Press, Ivey, C.T., P. Martinez, & R. Wyatt. 2003. Variation in pollinator effectiveness in swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata (Apocynaceae). American Journal of Botany 90: 214-225. Kalhorn, K.D., E.M. Barrows, & W.E. LaBerge. 2003. Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes) diversity in an Appalachian shale barrens. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 76: 455-468. Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist and atlas with biological attributes for the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. First Edition. Jn J.T. Kartesz & C.A. Meacham (eds.), Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Gardens, Chapel Hill, NC. LaBerge, W.E., & D.W. Ribble. 1972. A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part V: Gonandrena, Geissandrena, Parandrena, Pelicandrena. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 98: 271-358. Lea, C. 2000. Plant communities of the Potomac Gorge and their relationship to fluvial factors. Unpublished M.S. thesis. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. 219 pp. Michener, C.D., R.J. McGinley, & B.N. Danforth. 1994. The Bee Genera of North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 209 pp. Mitchell, T.B. 1960. Bees of the Eastern United States Volume 1. North Carolina Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin No. 141. Raleigh, NC. 538 Pp. Mitchell, T.B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States Volume 2. North Carolina Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin No. 152. Raleigh, NC. 557 PP. Moure, J.S., & P.D. Hurd, Jr. 1987. An Annotated Catalog of the Halictid Bees of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 405 pp. NO. 34, 2009 Pascarella, J.B. 2008. The Bees of Florida. http://www.bio. georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/ pascarella/Intro.htm. Accessed 9 January 2009. Proctor, M., P. Yeo, & A. Lack. 1996. The Natural History of Pollination. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 479 PP. Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and Insects — Lists of Visitors of 453 flowers. Science Press Printing Company, Lancaster, PA. 221 pp. Roulston, T.H., S.A. Smith, & A.L. Brewster. 2007. A comparison of pan trap and intensive net sampling techniques for documenting a bee fauna. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 80: 179-181. Shuler, R.E., T.H. Roulston, & GE. Farris. 2005. Farming practices influence wild pollinator populations on squash and pumpkins. Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 790-795. Steury, B.W., GP Fleming, & M.T. Strong. 2008. An emendation of the vascular flora of Great Falls Park, Fairfax County, Virginia. Castanea 73: 123-149. Steury, B.W., J. Glaser, & C.S. Hobson. 2007. A survey of macrolepidopteran moths of Turkey Run and Great Falls National Parks, Fairfax County, Virginia. Banisteria 29: 17-31. Stubbs, C.S., F. Drummond, & H. Ginsberg. 2007. Effects of invasive plant species on pollinator service and reproduction in native plants at Acadia National Park. Technical Report NPS/NER/NRTR--2007/096. National Park Service. Boston, MA. 85 pp. Totland, O., A. Nielsen, A. Byerknes, & M. Ohlson. 2006. Effects of an exotic plant and habitat disturbance on pollinator visitation and reproduction in a boreal forest herb. American Journal of Botany 93: 868-873. Wieboldt, T.F., GP. Fleming, C.E. Stevens, J.F. Townsend, D.M.E. Ware, & R.A.S. Wright. 2007. Digital atlas of the Virginia flora (http://www.biol.vt.edu/digital_atlas/). Virginia Botanical Associates, c/o Massey Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Banisteria, Number 34, pages 25-32 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society An Annotated List of the False Click Beetles of Virginia (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) Richard L. Hoffman Virginia Museum of Natural History Martinsville, Virginia 24112 R. L. Otto 14323 Highway M, West, Suring, Wisconsin 54174 Robert Vigneault 16 Mont St-Pierre Oka, Quebec JONIEO ABSTRACT Thirty-two species of Eucnemidae are documented for the Virginia fauna, seven of them (Golbachia impressicollis, Isarthrus calceatus, Rhagomicrus humeralis, Euryptychus heterocerus, E. ulkei, Onichodon orchisides, and O. downiei) for the first time. Fourteen additional species that may occur in the state are also discussed. Key words: Coleoptera, Eucnemidae, false click beetles, Virginia. INTRODUCTION The Eucnemidae is a moderate-sized family of beetles, related to the Elateridae in general body form (including the ability to “click”’) and structure of the male genitalia. A distinct and easily-seen difference is the subterminal, eccentric attachment of the 2" antennomere to the first: strictly terminal in elaterids. Species of the family have acquired a variety of special modifications absent from elaterids, such as crests of setae on the meso- and metatibiae, and prominent circular pits on or near the dorsal procoxal condyles. The classification of North American eucnemids was not well-established prior to publication by Jyrki Muona (2000) of a revision of the Nearctic fauna, which provided diagnoses and keys for all taxon levels, descriptions of all species and drawings for many of them, and full collection data for all specimens examined. With this valuable base-line resource at hand, it is now possible to identify material with confidence and predict which species may be expected to occur in any given region on the basis of known distributions. In the following pages all citations to “Muona” refer to this revision unless specifically indicated otherwise. As the first step toward a detailed treatment of the Virginia eucnemid fauna, we offer here an annotated list of the 32 species actually documented for the state as well as justification for inclusion [bracketed] of 14 other species that will almost certainly be added with additional collecting, giving a projected total of about 46 likely native resident species of this family (but the case of Dendrocharis inexspectata reminds that almost any eucnemid known from eastern North America may turn up in Virginia). Collection data are provided for the seven species here added to the known fauna as well as others represented in recent collections at the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH), the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), and the personal collections of the second author (RLO) and Dr. Arthur V. Evans (AVEC). In contrast with various other beetle families (e.g., 26 BANISTERIA Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, Chrysomelidae), the species of Eucnemidae can generally be considered as _ under- represented in most collections, and many are known from only a handful of specimens despite continent-wide ranges. The majority of species appear to be largely dendrophilous, requiring assiduous “beating” of trees and rearing from dead branches, and most are not attracted to ultraviolet light traps. Several species have been taken in some numbers in Malaise traps. Accumulation of material in local collections (and in major museums as well) has been slow and some time may pass before we can aspire just to having material of all the species likely to occur in Virginia, to say nothing of being able to define their in- state distribution in any detail. Perhaps greater attention to the collection and rearing of larvae would be a fruitful course to pursue. One point about the biology of eucnemids mentioned repeatedly throughout Muona’s paper is that a number of species are extremely rare over extensive ranges, and some have not been collected in recent decades (one for over a century). Perhaps the extensive deforestation of North America since 1800 is a contributing factor by reducing the number of obligatory host trees. Muona’s description of rare new species from a few localities in Maryland, Indiana, and Florida reflects the retarded condition of our knowledge of these beetles. Even new taxa may be found in Virginia, an incentive for increased attention to our local fauna. The arrangement of taxa at all levels in the following list follows that of Muona’s monograph. EUCNEMIDAE Perothopinae Perothops mucida (Gyllenhal) Widespread in eastern United States from Maine to Florida. Mount Vernon, Fairfax Co. (USNM) is the only known Virginia locality, however. Phyllocerinae [Anelastes drurii Kirby | Continent-wide in range; in the southeast recorded from Florida to North Carolina (Raleigh) and thus likely to be discovered in the Southside or Tidewater regions of Virginia. NO. 34, 2009 Pseudomeninae Schizophilus subrufus (Randall) Widespread but not common in eastern United States, recorded by Muona from East Falls Church, Fairfax Co. Melasinae Melasis pectinicornis Melsheimer Generally distributed over eastern United States; recorded by Muona from Fairfax and King & Queen counties and the City of Chesapeake. VMNH_ has specimens from Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, 11 April 1991, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith (1) and King & Queen County, without specific locality, 24 February 1940, L. A. Hetrick (2). Collectively these records imply a distribution in the Coastal Plain. [Jsorhipis nubila (Bonvouloir)| A rarely collected species apparently restricted to southeastern United States, this beetle was documented by Muona for Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. It is therefore not unlikely that it occurs also in the Tidewater region of our state. Isorhipis ruficornis (Say) Listed from Fairfax and Montgomery counties by Muona, and also recorded from the former by Evans (2008). The record for Virginia Beach by Van Horn (1909) was apparently based on a misidentified specimen of the following species. Isorhipis obliqua (Say) The most commonly collected eucnemid in eastern United States according to Muona, who listed specimens from Bath and Mecklenburg counties and the City of Norfolk. We have seen material from Chesterfield, Clarke, Essex, Dickenson, Henrico, Louisa, Northampton, Powhatan, Rockingham, and Sussex counties, reflecting a pervasive statewide range in Virginia. Virtually all of the 35 VMNH specimens were taken in Malaise traps during May and June. According to J. Muona (in /itt. to RLO) the larva illustrated by Van Horn (1909, figs. 1-3) under the name Tharops ruficornis 1s actually a specimen of J. obliqua. HOFFMAN ET AL.: FALSE CLICK BEETLES OF VIRGINIA 21 [Hylochares nigricornis (Say)| With the known range extending from Massachusetts to Iowa, this species is a likely candidate for discovery in our western mountains. [Xylophilus cylindriformis (Horn)| This uncommon beetle occurs primarily in western North America, with a few isolated records cited by Muona for Kentucky, New Hampshire, New York, and West Virginia (Hardy Co.: W. Northeimer, in Malaise trap). The last-named site raises the likelihood that YX. cylindriformis occurs sporadically in western Virginia. [Xylophilus crassicornis Muona| A very rare species known only from the female holotype collected at Annapolis, Maryland, thus a probable resident of the Virginia Coastal Plain. [Hylis frontosus (Say)] Recorded from Maryland and North Carolina, this species will surely be collected in Virginia. Hylis terminalis (LeConte) This beetle is recorded from Quebec to Michigan, southward in the Atlantic states to North Carolina. Muona saw a single specimen labeled only “Va.”. VMNH has specimens from Accomack Co.: Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, 10-26 June 1998, A. C. Chazal, (1) and Franklin Co.: Rt. 623 bridge at end of Philpott Reservoir, 25 May 2000, A. C. Chazal (1), suggesting a probable statewide distribution. Dirrhagofarsus lewisi (Fleutiaux) Muona examined only 38 specimens of this species, from Georgia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, and assented to the suggestion of Ford & Spilman (1979) that D. lewisi is a recent adventive species from Japan. Material in the VMNH collection was taken from the sea coast to as high as 3800 ft. (1158 m) in the Blue Ridge. Apparently the beetle has successfully established itself as a permanent member of our fauna, to which it was recently added on the basis of specimens captured on the Virginia side of the Potomac River Gorge in Fairfax County (Evans, 2008). City of Virginia Beach: First Landing State Park, 23 June-6 July 2003, R. Vigneault (1). Pendleton Navy Base, Lovett’s Marsh, in pitfall, 28 June 1989, K. A. Buhimann (1). City of Richmond: Westhampton, at house lights, April-August 1990-95, Wendy H. Mitchell (6). Cumberland Co.: 2 km S of Columbia, pitfalls, 15 July-15 August 1990, J. C. Mitchell (3). Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, Malaise trap, 14 June 1991, D.R. Smith (1). Greensville Co.: 1.2 mi. S of Dahlia, Rt. 301, 6 June 2002, UV trap, K. L. Derge (1). Floyd Co.: Buffalo Mountain Natural Area Preserve, SE of Willis, 20 June 2001, UV trap, S. M. Roble (2). Louisa Co.: 4 miles S of Cuckoo, Malaise trap, 8-12 June 1988, D. R. Smith (3). Northampton Co.: Savage Neck Dunes Natural Area Preserve, Eastville, 20 May-23 June 2003, A. C. Chazal and S. M. Roble (2). York Co.: Grafton Ponds, in pitfall, 11 June 1990, C. A. Pague (1). Microrhagus audax Horn Widespread but uncommonly collected, in the experience of Muona, who saw one specimen from this state, labeled only “Va.” VMNH has the following specimens: Cumberland Co.: 7 km SW of Columbia, pitfalls, 2 September 1990, J. C. Mitchell (1). Dickenson Co.: Breaks Interstate Park, 10-14 June 2002, R. Vigneault (1). Essex Co: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, Malaise trap, 2-11 July 1991, D. R. Smith (2). Louisa Co.: 4 miles S of Cuckoo, 26 April-4 May 1988, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith (1). Microrhagus pectinatus LeConte The range of this species is continent-wide (British Columbia to Nova Scotia), extending southward in the Appalachian region as far as northern Georgia. It was recorded by Muona from Virginia on the basis of a specimen with no precise locality data. VMNH specimens are from near sea level to about 3500 feet (1067 m): Bedford Co.: Sharp Top Mountain, Peaks of Otter, UV trap, 13 June 2001, J. C. Ludwig (1). Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, Malaise trap, 29 April 1981 (1), 4-14 May 1993 (1), D. R. Smith. Louisa Co.: 4 miles S of Cuckoo, Malaise trap, 25 April-13 May 1988, D. R. Smith (2). Microrhagus subsinuatus LeConte Widespread over much of eastern North America (but rare or absent from most of the southeastern states), this species was recorded by Muona from Alexandria, Fairfax, and Fluvanna counties, Virginia. VMNH collections add the following records: Cumberland Co.: 2 km S of Columbia, pitfalls, 16 June 1990, J. C. Mitchell (1). Dickenson Co.: Breaks Interstate Park, 1-14 July 2000, R. Vigneault (1). Floyd Co.: Laurel Fork Creek, 3.3 miles 28 BANISTERIA W Blue Ridge Parkway, 17 June 2007, S. M. Roble (1). Henry Co.: Martinsville, 15 July 2005, R. L. Hoffman (1). Louisa Co.: 4 miles S of Cuckoo, Malaise trap, 14-26 May 1988, D. R. Smith (1). Microrhagus triangularis (Say) Widespread and common in eastern North America, and apparently statewide in Virginia. Muona saw USNM material from Lee and York counties, and the cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. Our records are from Appomattox, Clarke, Dickenson, Essex, Fairfax, Floyd, and Patrick counties. Numerous specimens were taken in Malaise traps in Essex County, 14 June to 26 July. Golbachia impressicollis (Bonvouloir) New State Record, New Northernmost Record Material available to Muona defined a range extending from Louisiana and southern Florida to Wilmington, North Carolina. Four VMNH specimens extend this range some 200 km northward as far as the Eastern Shore of Virginia. City of Chesapeake: Northwest River Park, ca 5 mi. SE of Hickory, 5-16 July 2004, R. Vigneault (1). City of Suffolk: South Quay pine barrens, ca 6 mi. S of Franklin, UV trap, 23 July 2002, S. M. Roble & C. S. Hobson (1). City of Virginia Beach: False Cape State Park, UV trap in oak-pine woods, 3 August 2005, S. M. Roble (1). James City Co.: York River State Park, 27 July 2006, Chazal and Erdle (AVEC 1). Northampton Co.: Savage Neck Dunes Natural Area Preserve, Eastville, Malaise trap, 28 July-27 August 1999, S. M. Roble (1). Muona’s drawing of the forebody in lateral aspect does not indicate the antennal groove clearly; we herewith provide a sketch (Fig. 1) made from a slightly more ventrolateral view that shows the abrupt anterior obliteration of the very shallow groove. The subocular surface is, however, concave and may serve as a rudimentary groove. [Adelothyreus dejeani Bonvouloir] Confirmed range is from Florida to Louisiana. However, if the record for Maryland by Horn (1886) can be confirmed, the species would become a likely candidate for discovery in Virginia also. [Adelothyreus downiei Muona] Known only from Indiana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The record for Morgan County in the last- named state permits the assumption that this very rare species may be found in western Virginia. NO. 34, 2009 Fig. 1. Golbachia impressicollis. Ventrolateral aspect of forebody to show anterior obliteration of the shallow thoracic antennal groove, and the distinct subocular groove continuous with the postantennal sensory pit. Fig. 2. Entomophthalmus rufiolus. Lateral aspect of head showing the prominent notch in the eye immediately adjacent to the postantennal sensory pit. The subocular (genal) surface is only slightly excavated as a rudimentary antennal groove. Entomophthalmus rufiolus (LeConte) Another fairly common species that is widespread in eastern United States. Muona cited a USNM specimen from Shenandoah County. VMNH has material from three additional localities: City of Richmond: Westhampton, house lights, June-July 1991, Wendy H. Mitchell (1). Buchanan Co.: Grassy Fork, Va. Rt. 80 at KY state line, 28 June 1991, J. M. Anderson (1). Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, Malaise trap, April 1987 (1), 2 July 1991 (1), 11 July 1991 (4), 26 July 1991 (1), D. R. Smith. Nowhere in Muona’s monograph is there any reference to the condition of the eyes in this species, a curious fact since the derivation of the generic name basically means “cut-eyes”. Inspection of specimens HOFFMAN ET AL.: FALSE CLICK BEETLES OF VIRGINIA 29 shows that there is in fact a relatively prominent notch of the eye outline immediately adjacent to the deep postantennal sensory pit, as shown in our drawing (Fig. 2). This condition appears to be unique, at least in the North America fauna, and constitutes a definite and easy to see generic recognition character. Bonvouloir obviously had a good reason for his choice of a name for the genus to which this beetle belongs. Rhagomicrus humeralis (Say) New State Record Although recorded from many eastern states, this Species was not represented by Virginia specimens in material examined by Muona. It is apparently not abundant, as our single specimen was captured at a site from which a number of eucnemid species have been collected. Essex Co.: 1.5 km S of Dunnsville, 11 July 1991, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith (1). Rhagomicrus bonvouloiri (Horn) Although this species is generally distributed in eastern North America, the known localities are relatively few and dispersed. Muona saw Virginia material only from Shenandoah County (USNM), to which we can add another: Appomattox Co.: Holiday Lake State Park, 14-28 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 1). Sarpedon scabrosus Bonvouloir Although represented on both sides of the continent, this species is not recorded south of Virginia and Tennessee. Specimens in USNM are from Fairfax and Nelson counties. Eucneminae Dendrocharis inexspectata Muona This relatively large eucnemid was known from only two specimens taken in Florida and Texas until it was found in southeastern Virginia several years ago. Details of this capture, comments on some discrepancies in the original description, and drawings of structural details have been published separately (Hoffman, 2008). City of Virginia Beach: First Landing State Park, 23 June-7 July 2003, R. Vigneault (2). Stethon pectorosus LeConte Although documented for nearly all of the eastern states, this species has only recently been reported for Virginia, at the Potomac River Gorge, Fairfax County (Evans, 2008). Two additional collections are from Appomattox Co.: Holiday Lake State Park, 14-28 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 5), and Chesterfield Co.: 63310 Qualla Road, Chesterfield, March-September 2003, C. R. McClung (AVEC 1). | Eucnemis americana Horn] This rare species occurs on the Pacific Coast and eastern North America, north of the latitude of New Jersey and Indiana. A record for Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, suggests the possibility of its eventual capture in the mountains of western Virginia. Macraulacinae Euryptychus heterocerus (Say) New State Record, New Southern Record Considered by Muona to be “a rare eastern species”, with most of the specimens he examined being taken prior to 1930. Its range extends from New York to Wisconsin and Oklahoma, the VMNH material from Virginia being southernmost for the Atlantic Coast states. Fauquier Co.: Bull Run Mountains, UV light, 30 July 1998, A. C. Chazal, C. S. Hobson, G. Fleming (3). Euryptychus ulkei (Horn) New State Record A more southern species than the foregoing, EF. ulkei has nonetheless been documented for southern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, anticipating its eventual discovery in Virginia: City of Chesapeake: Northwest River Park, 5 miles SE of Hickory, 30 July 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 1). Onichodon orchesides Newman New State Record Widespread in the northern states and adjacent Canada (Quebec to North Dakota) but more sporadic southward (Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina); Virginia specimens were not recorded by Muona. Material at hand (VMNH except as noted) is from a statewide transect: City of Virginia Beach: False Cape State Park, UV light, 17 August 1998, S. M. Roble (1); First Landing State Park, 23 June-7 July 2003, R. Vigneault (1), 16-17 June 2007, M. E. Dougherty (AVEC 1). Patrick Co.: west end of Philpott Reservoir, Rt. 624, UV trap, A. C. Chazal (1). Dickenson Co.: Breaks Interstate Park, 1-14 July 2000, R. Vigneault (1). 30 BANISTERIA [Onichodon canadensis (Brown) | Recorded from as near as Snyder Co., Pennsylvania, this northern species is a possible member of our fauna. [Onichodon rugicollis (Fall)] Having been found only 35 miles (56 km) south of the Virginia state line at Durham, North Carolina, this austral species may be considered a probable resident in our “Southside” counties. Onichodon downiei Muona New State Record This recently-described species is known from “Maryland” and western Pennsylvania, anticipating its discovery in northern or western Virginia. We confirm that possibility with a record for Appomattox Co.: Holiday Lake State Park, 14-28 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 2). Fornax bicolor (Melsheimer) Accounted to be a rare southeastern species by Muona, who adds “most records from other areas are old or very old.” Only single collections were cited by him for most states, including only Nelson County for Virginia. VMNH has three specimens: Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, Malaise trap, 26 June 1991, D. R. Smith (1). Nottoway Co: Fort Pickett, Twin Lakes, UV in pine forest, 10 June 1999, A. C. Chazal (1). City of Virginia Beach: First Landing State Park, UV trap, without date [June or July 2006], P. Bedell and A. C. Chazal (1). Isarthrus rufipes (Melsheimer) Recorded by Muona from most of the eastern states, including Virginia (Fairfax County). The single specimen we have seen came from a very nearby locality: Prince William Co.: Manassas National Battlefield Park, near Stone Bridge, pitfall trap, 26 May-21 June 1999, A. C. Chazal (1). Isarthrus calceatus (Say) New State Record This widespread eastern species has been documented from both north (District of Columbia) and south (Georgia) of Virginia, and was therefore certainly to be expected as a component of our fauna. Isle of Wight Co.: Zuni Pine Barrens, Blackwater Ecological Preserve, 15 April 2006, A. V. Evans & D. Loomis (AVEC 3). NO. 34, 2009 Dromaeolus badius (Melsheimer) Known from most of the eastern states, specimens of this species were seen by Muona from Fairfax County, Virginia. VMNH specimens are from Nottoway Co.: Piedmont Research Station, Blackstone, 6 July 1977, P. Egan (1) and York Co.: ponds at Grafton, 19 October 1990, K. A. Buhlmann (1). An eastern, lowland distribution in the state is thus suggested. Dromaeolus cylindricollis (Say) Although widespread in eastern North America, this species apparently does not occur in the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is known from Fairfax, Lee, and Nelson counties (Muona) and the following new locality: Patrick Co.: Fairystone State Park, 27 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 1). Dromaeolus striatus LeConte Considered by Muona to be “an uncommon, predominantly southeastern species” that he recorded from Fairfax County and the City of Chesapeake. Additional localities are: Appomattox Co.: Holiday Lake State Park, 14-28 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 1). Cumberland Co.: 5.5 km S of Columbia, pinewoods DF site [pitfalls], 2 September 1990, J.C. Mitchell (2). Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, Malaise traps, 11 July 1991, D. R. Smith (4). Louisa Co.: 4 miles S of Cuckoo, Malaise trap, 28 April-4 May 1986, D. R. Smith (1). Pittsylvania Co.: Sandy Level, 8 September 1991, sweeping, R. L. Hoffman (1). City of Virginia Beach: First Landing State Park, mesic pitfall site, 18 August 1989, K. A. Buhlmann (1). [Dromaeolus punctatus LeConte] This species is documented from North Carolina to Tamaulipas, Mexico, dominantly at lower elevations. It probably occurs in Southside Virginia. [Dromaeolus turnbowi Muona| With a known distribution from West Virginia south to Georgia and Louisiana, this species is a likely resident of our far southwestern counties. Thambus horni Muona Another widespread but rarely collected species, with no records for the southeastern states. In the interior of the country, it extends as far south as Texas. Muona listed a single specimen from Arlington Co., Virginia. HOFFMAN ET AL.: FALSE CLICK BEETLES OF VIRGINIA 31 Deltometopus amoenicornis (Say) Characterized by Muona as the most common eastern eucnemid, and recorded by him from Arlington, Campbell, Fairfax, and Nelson counties, D. amoenicornis is represented in our material by only a few specimens: Essex Co.: 1.5 km SE of Dunnsville, 2 July 1991, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith (1). James City Co.: York River State Park, 20 May 2006, A. V. Evans (AVEC 2). Louisa Co.: 4 mi. S of Cuckoo, Malaise trap, 6-18 June 1987, D. R. Smith (1). York Co.: ponds at Grafton, 19 October 1990, pitfall trap, K. A. Buhlmann (1). Nematodes atropos (Say) A widespread eastern species, with documentation for Fairfax County and the cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. New records added here are: Appomattox Co.: Holiday Lake State Park, 14-28 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO 4). Brunswick Co.: Fort Pickett, Nottoway River, 10 June 1999, A. C. Chazal & A. K. Foster (1). Dickenson Co.: Breaks Interstate Park, 10-14 June 2002 (5) and 1-14 July 2000 (4), R. Vigneault. Fairfax Co.: Elklick Natural Area Preserve, UV trap, 21 June 2006, C. S.Hobson (4). Louisa Co.: 4 miles S of Cuckoo, 1-12 July 1988, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith (1). York Co.: Grafton Ponds, 16 July 1990, K. A. Buhlmann (1). City of Virginia Beach: First Landing State Park, 23 June-6 July 2003, R. Vigneault (4); Oceana Naval Air Station, 13 June-26 July 2001, Malaise trap, DNH survey (1). [Nematodes collaris Bonvouloir] Muona thought that this species might be extinct inasmuch as he had seen only material collected a century earlier, but recent collections from Ohio and Missouri (Otto, unpubl. data) establish that it survives in the midwestern United States. Old captures for Montgomery Co., Maryland, and Sumter Co., South Carolina, and the more recent for Ohio suggest that the species might occur in Virginia. The combination of orange prothorax and projecting apical ventrite make this species easy to recognize. Nematodes penetrans (Say) Generally distributed in eastern North America except for the southeastern Coastal Plain, this species is listed by Muona for Fairfax County, and we now add Appomattox Co.. Holiday Lake State Park, 14-28 June 1999, R. Vigneault (RLO). Clarke Co.: 3 km S of Boyce, 24 October 1991, Malaise trap, D. R. Smith. Dickenson Co.: Breaks Interstate Park, 1-14 June 1990 (2), 1-14 July 2002, R. Vigneault (4). SUMMARY The majority of the 32 species of eucnemids now documented for Virginia are widespread in eastern North America, although many are known only from a few widely separated states. Several species can be considered as statewide in distribution, but most are known from too few localities to justify any categorization of their instate ranges. Two species represent substantial range extensions northward from Florida (Dendrocharis inexspectata) and southern North Carolina (Golbachia impressicollis), half a dozen additional “probable” species fall into this same Lower Austral pattern. Dirrhagofarsus lewisi, a recently introduced Asiatic species, is now essentially statewide in Virginia, and collected in remote “natural” habitats. The capture of Fornax bicolor at three localities confirms the survival of the species, since most of the existing museum material was collected decades ago. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much of the VMNH material of this family was collected by Dr. David R. Smith during Malaise trap collecting programs, and by him very generously donated to VMNH. Many specimens were obtained through inventory activities conducted by staff members of the Virginia Division of Natural Heritage and transmitted to VMNH through the good offices of Dr. Steven M. Roble. The authors are indebted to Dr. Arthur V. Evans for contributing records of specimens in his collection. He also scanned the eucnemid material in the National Museum of Natural History for any Virginia specimens added since Muona’s examination of that source. LITERATURE CITED Evans A.V. 2008. Beetles. Pp. 44-51 Jn A.V. Evans (coordinator). The 2006 Potomac Gorge Bioblitz. Banisteria 32: 3-84. Ford, E.J., & T.J. Spilman. 1979. Biology and immature stages of Dirrhagofarsus lewisi, a species new to the United States (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 33: 75-83. Hoffman, R.L. 2008. Virginia records for a rare false click beetle (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae). Banisteria 31: 53-54. Horn, G. H. 1886. A monograph of the species of the subfamilies Eucneminae, Cerophytinae, and Perothopinae inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 70: 5-58. 32 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Muona, J. 1996. Perothopidae and Eucnemidae. Pp. 827- = Acta Zoologica Fennica 212: 1-116. 837 In R.H. Arnett, Jr., & N.M. Downie. The Beetles of Northeastern North America. II. Sandhill Crane Press, Van Horn, R.W. 1909. Notes on some of the Eucnemidae Gainesville, FL. of the eastern states. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 11: 54-61. Muona, J. 2000. A revision of the Nearctic Eucnemidae. Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), dorsal aspect. Original drawing by John Banister. Banisteria, Number 34, pages 33-37 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society The Forest Caterpillar Hunter, Calosoma sycophanta, An Old World Species Confirmed as Part of the Virginia Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Arthur V. Evans! Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 217 Governor Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 ABSTRACT The presence of the predatory forest caterpillar hunter, Calosoma sycophanta (Linnaeus), is confirmed in Virginia. A native of Europe, this species was purposefully introduced into North America early in the 20" Century as part of a biological control project to control the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) and browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus) in New England. A brief review of the distribution and natural history of C. sycophanta in North America is presented, along with a key to the species of Calosoma in Virginia. Key words: Bull Run Mountains, Calosoma, Carabidae, Coleoptera, forest caterpillar hunter, Virginia. INTRODUCTION In July of 2008, while conducting a beetle survey of the Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve in Fauquier and Prince William counties in Virginia, I found numerous metallic green elytra scattered along a foot trail winding through an oak woodland on a west- facing slope. The area had been heavily infested with the larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus), as evidenced by thousands of larval exuviae and pupal cases that festooned the trunks of oaks and other hardwood trees. At first glance, I thought the beetle remains were those of the indigenous caterpillar hunter or fiery searcher, Calosoma scrutator (Fabricius), a common, brightly colored, and widespread carabid beetle found in the mountains and lowlands of Virginia. Closer inspection revealed that the elytra were much brighter and more yellow than those of C. scrutator and lacked the characteristic coppery red border along the lateral and apical margins. Further searching in the area produced an extremely fragile, yet nearly intact specimen ensnared in an ‘Current address: 1600 Nottoway Avenue, Richmond, Virginia 23227; arthurevans@verizon.net abandoned spider web. The pronotum of this specimen was mostly black with metallic blue along the margins, rather than bluish with violet or coppery yellow-green borders typical of C. scrutator. Of the five other species of Calosoma known in Virginia (C. calidum [Fabricius], C. externum [Say], C. frigidum Kirby, C. sayi Dejean, and C. wilcoxi LeConte), only C. wilcoxi has entirely metallic green elytra, but it is smaller and much duller than either C. scrutator or the silk-wrapped remains in question. All seven species of Calosoma in Virginia are shown in Figure 1. With the aid of Gidaspow’s (1959) monograph on the Calosoma of North America, I identified the Bull Run Mountains corpse as the European forest caterpillar hunter, C. sycophanta (Linnaeus). The label data for this specimen and a single elytron are as follows: USA: VA, Fauquier Co., Bull Run Mountains NAP, W of Bull Run Mountain Estates, N38.87875 W77.68927, 20 August 2008, A.V. Evans. Both specimens are housed in my collection. Gidaspow (1959) provides a brief history of the initial introduction of C. sycophanta into the United States. Already known as an important predator of gypsy moth larvae in France, 4,046 beetles were imported into the United States between 1905 and 1910, most of which were released in New England to EVANS: CALOSOMA SYCOPHANTA IN VIRGINIA 34 combat outbreaks of two European species of lymantriids: the gypsy moth, Lymantria_ dispar (Linnaeus), and the browntail moth, uproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus). For a more complete overview of the life history, behavior, and introduction of C. sycophanta in New England, see Burgess (1911) and Burgess & Collins (1915). DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH AMERICA Bousquet & Larochelle (1993) record C. sycophanta in the United States from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. Weseloh et al. (1995) note releases in Delaware, Michigan, and West Virginia, adding that the species was already established in the latter. Schaefer et al. (1999) added Maryland to the list, but did not find recent records of the beetle in Michigan or Washington that were not associated with releases and concluded that C. sycophanta is not yet established in these states. In spite of releases on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, C. sycophanta is not known to be established in Canada (Bousquet, 1991; Schaefer et al., 1999). Schaefer et al. (1999) provide an informative overview of historical range expansion of C. sycophanta in North America from 1905 to 1994, including a state and county map showing intentional release sites. They note a single record from Winchester, Virginia, collected on 9 July 1915 by OL. Shapp in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. However, Schaefer et al. (1999) state that the “...specimen probably resulted from an intentional release made just prior to its collection” and that “no population persisted in Virginia in subsequent years.” A second Virginia record from 1974 was reported by Thiele (1977), but this was disputed by Schaefer et al. (1999), who could not locate the specimen in the NMNH collection. They believe that Thiele’s record was erroneous and intended to refer to the 1915 specimen. With relatively recent recoveries of beetles in West Virginia (1994) and Maryland (1998), combined with its dispersal abilities (see Doane & Schaefer, 1971), Schaefer et al. (1999) concluded that C. sycophanta was very likely to occur in northern Virginia. They included the region in their 1994 distribution map with a question mark, and noted that the next Virginia occurrence would establish a renewed state record. The aforementioned discovery of numerous elytra and an intact specimen in the Bull Run Mountains does indeed establish the presence of C. sycophanta in _ the Commonwealth. I located the 1915 Virginia specimen of C. sycophanta in the insect collection of the NMNH, but no subsequent Virginia records were found. Nor were specimens located in the collection at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. However, at the Virginia Museum of Natural History, I found one specimen of C. sycophanta amongst a series of C. scrutator with the following locality data: VA, Prince William Co., Prince William Forest Park, June 8, 1992, J.C. Killian, uv light trap. It is not known if this specimen represents an established population. NATURAL HISTORY Both the adult and larval C. sycophanta climb trees to attack and eat caterpillars and pupae of gypsy moths and other species (Gidaspow, 1959). Adult males are more likely to be found on tree trunks, while females tend to remain on the ground (Weseloh, 1993). Based on observations in the laboratory and in the field (Weseloh, 1993), both males and females are active day and night. Males tend to be more active and conspicuous, spending most of their time searching for mates, while the more secretive females spend much of their time buried in the soil and hidden among leaf litter to feed and lay eggs. Adult activity coincides with the larval activity of the gypsy moth. Adults emerge from _ their overwintering sites in June to search for prey and mates, although some beetles may remain dormant for up to two years (Larochelle & Lariviere, 2003). Although adults are strong and agile fliers and capable of leaving their overwintering sites behind to search for high populations of caterpillars, their appearance at new outbreaks of gypsy moths is by no means certain (Doane & Schaefer, 1971) Released beetles often remain near the release site (Weseloh et al., 1995). They will attack a variety of other caterpillar species, but they are most abundant where populations of gypsy moth caterpillars are high, especially at sites two or three years after an outbreak (Weseloh, 1985; Weseloh et al., 1995). Adults are active for only about a month and re-enter the soil in July and remain there until the following spring (Weseloh et al., 1995). Weseloh (1993) suggests that adult C. sycophanta predation alone is not the beetle’s primary impact on gypsy moth populations. Instead, the forest caterpillar hunter’s greatest impact is through larval production and the voracious appetites of the larvae for mature caterpillars and pupae. The ability of adult beetles to reproduce is directly dependent upon the availability of high densities of gypsy moth caterpillars, especially since females require sufficient protein to ensure 35 BANISTERIA NO. 34, 2009 Fig. 1. The Virginia species of Calosoma include, from top to bottom, left to right: C. calidum (Fabricius), C. externum (Say), C. frigidum Kirby, C. sayi Dejean, C. scrutator (Fabricius), C. sycophanta (Linnaeus), and C. wilcoxi LeConte. The scale bar equals 5.0 mm. Photos © 2009, Chris Wirth. successful oviposition (Spieles & David, 1998). Eggs are laid in the soil beginning in early July and hatch in 4-7 days. The larvae climb trees in search of caterpillars and pupae. The remains of pupae attacked by beetle larvae have characteristically large and jagged holes (Weseloh et al., 1995). Mature beetle larvae seek pupation sites in the soil. The entire life cycle, from egg to adult, takes about seven weeks. In Connecticut, adults are known to live 3-4 years (Weseloh, 1990). Anecdotal evidence suggests that forest caterpillar hunters are potentially important predators of gypsy moth larvae and pupae, but there 1s still much to learn (Weseloh, 1985). Nearly all of the information on the ecology and behavior of C. sycophanta was gathered during the brief period of adult activity that coincides with gypsy moth outbreaks, but little is known about the ecology of this species between outbreaks (Weseloh, 1990). IDENTIFICATION OF CALOSOMA SPECIES IN VIRGINIA The genus Calosoma is distinguished from other Virginia carabids by the following combination of characters: large size (19-35 mm); head wider than half the width of the pronotum; antennal segments 5-10 pubescent with large glabrous spots; large mandibles lack teeth near the apex, but have distinct or indistinct EVANS: CALOSOMA SYCOPHANTA IN VIRGINIA 36 ridges across the base; last segment of maxillary palp larger and broader than the penultimate segment; elytra with distinctly impressed grooves; flight wings well- developed; front tarsi expanded in males (Ciegler, 2000). The genus contains the largest and most brilliantly colored ground beetle in Virginia, C. scrutator. Key to the Calosoma of Virginia (modified from Gidaspow, 1959) . Pronotum without basal setae ........... eee. 2 1'. Pronotum with basal setae close to hind angles...... AOR Ne A SON Fd RR RENO 2 T5 F C. sayi Dejean 2(1). Last segment of maxillary palpi distinctly wider and often shorter than preceeding segment; tooth of mentum almost always long and pointed; underside with little or no metallic luster ............. 3 2'. Last segment of maxillary palpi of the same length and hardly wider than penultimate segment; tooth of mentum small and blunt; underside metallic green or with distinct bluish or greenish luster..... 4 3(2). Head sparsely covered with large punctures; antennal segments 5-11 are uniformly pubescent iOS 09ND hana eae aT ahhie AUN AANA ASAD: C. externum (Say) 3'. Head densely covered with small punctures; antennal segments 5 and 6 with long, glabrous SPOlsr ate ene mete ee, C. calidum (Fabricius) 4(2). Femora dark brown or black, without metallic blue, green, or violet luster... eee. 5 4'. Femora reddish or dark brown, with metallic blite- Sreeny Or VIOIS CUSTER cccslsccpecmtudan means cane. 6 5(4). Elytra golden green, sometimes with reddish luster on sides; pronotum black with metallic blue toward sides; 22-25 mm ..............cceee Sree yt Saat te Maer, REE C. sycophanta (Linnaeus) 5'. _ Elytra dark brown, bronze, or black, with large green, coppery, or golden pits; 19-27 mm.............. ER A POE ek Ss sis ARE HEL C. frigidum Kirby 6(4'). Larger (23-35 mm); pronotum dark blue or violet with broad purple or golden green margin; middle tibiae of male strongly curved with brush of reddish setae at tip............ C. scrutator (Fabricius) 6'. Smaller (17-22 mm); pronotum black or dark olive green, with bluish luster; pronotal margin purple or golden green; middle tibiae of male straight, or only slightly curved, without reddish SETACTOM, UIs Secct nner naniearanee te. C. wilcoxi LeConte ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The beetle survey of the Bull Run Mountains Natural Area Preserve was funded by the Bull Run Mountains Conservancy and Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. I thank Michael Kieffer and Jennifer Helwig (Bull Run Mountains Conservancy, Broad Run, VA) for providing access and logistical support during the survey. I am grateful to Eric Day (Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA), Richard Hoffman (Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA), and Warren Steiner (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC) for granting access to the collections in their care. Paula Evans, Anne Chazal (Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA), and Richard Hoffman reviewed early drafts of this manuscript and provided useful suggestions to streamline my prose and enhance the accuracy of the work. I am also indebted to Faye McKinney (VDCR, DNH) for her able assistance with administrative matters related to the survey. Special thanks to Chris Wirth (Powhatan, VA) for his generosity in allowing me to use his superb images of Virginia Calosoma. LITERATURE CITED Bousquet, Y. 1991. Family Carabidae (Ground beetles). Pp. 8-60 Jn Y. Bousquet (ed.), Checklist of Beetles of Canada and Alaska. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1861/E. Ottawa, Ontario. Bousquet, Y., & A. Larochelle. 1993. Catalogue of the Geadephaga (Coleoptera: Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, Carabidae including Cicindelini) of America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada No. 167. 397 pp. Burgess, A.F. 1911. Calosoma_ sycophanta: its \ife history, behavior, and successful colonization in New England. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 101. 94 pp. Burgess, A.F., & C.W. Collins. 1915. The Calosoma beetle (Calosoma sycophanta) in New England. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 252. 40 pp. Ciegler, J.C. 2000. Ground Beetles and Wrinkled Bark Beetles of South Carolina (Coleoptera: Geadephaga: Carabidae and Rhysodidae). Biota of South Carolina. Volume 1. Clemson University, Clemson, SC. 149 pp. Doane, C.C., & P.W. Schaefer. 1971. Field observations of the flight activity of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 64: 528. 37 BANISTERIA Gidaspow, T. 1959. North American caterpillar hunters of the genus Calosoma and Callisthenes (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 116: 225-344. Larochelle, A., & M.-C. Lariviere. 2003. A Natural History of the Ground-Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of America North of Mexico. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow. 583 pp. Schaefer, P.W., R.W. Fuester, P.B. Taylor, S.E. Barth, E.E. Simons, E.M. Blumenthal, E. Handley, T.B. Finn, & E.W. Elliott. 1999. Current distribution and historical range expansion of Calosoma sycophanta (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in North America. Journal of Entomological Science 34: 339-362. Spieles, D.J., & J. David. 1998. The importance of prey for fecundity and behavior in the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) predator Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Environmental Entomology 27: 458-462. Thiele, H.U. 1977. Carabid Beetles in Their Environment: A Study on Habitat Selection by Adaptations in Physiology and Behaviour. Springer- Verlag, Berlin. 369 pp. NO. 34, 2009 Weseloh, R.M. 1985. Changes in population size, dispersal behavior, and reproduction of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae), associated with changes in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), abundance. Environmental Entomology 14: 370-377. Weseloh, R.M. 1988. Prey preferences of Calosoma sycophanta L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) larvae and relationship of prey consumption to predator size. Canadian Entomologist 120: 873-880. Weseloh, R.M. 1990. Experimental forest releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae) against the gypsy moth. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 2229-2234. Weseloh, R.M. 1993. Behavior of the gypsy moth predator, Calosoma_ sycophanta LL. (Carabidae: Coleoptera), as influenced by time of day and reproductive status. Canadian Entomologist 125: 887- 894. Weseloh, R., G. Bernon, L. Butler, R. Fuester, D. McCullough, & F. Stehr. 1995. Releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae) near the edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) distribution. Environmental Entomology 24: 1713-1717. Banisteria, Number 34, pages 38-44 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society An Updated List of Macrolepidopteran Moths Collected near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia 1996-2003 J. Christopher Ludwig Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 217 Governor Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 This paper provides a complete species list of macrolepidopteran moth (= macro-moth) species recorded from a site on the Virginia Piedmont, 2 km W of Vontay in western Hanover County. Unlike many forested regions of Virginia, the site has never been aerial sprayed with pesticides to control gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations. The study site, methodology, and original species list are given in Ludwig (2000) and two updates were provided (Ludwig, 2001, 2002). This paper provides a synthesized list of all subsequent collections as well as corrected identifications of specimens reported in my previous papers. All species were recorded between 30 October 1996 and 14 September 2003 during 475 collection nights. Six methods (sugar baiting, incandescent light, black or ultraviolet light, mercury vapor light, ultraviolet light trap, and observation without collection) were used to record moths at the study site. Two to four methods were used concurrently on all collection nights. Except when temperatures dropped to near or below freezing, sampling was conducted regardless of moon phase and weather conditions. Emphasis was placed on obtaining an inclusive species list and not a quantitative sample of macro-moth _ species. Determinations were assigned primarily by the author with assistance from several coworkers and a number of expert lepidopterists. A total of 2,293 macrolepidopteran moth Specimens was pinned and identified during this study. The number of specimens would be much higher if all 100,000+ macro-moths encountered at the lights and bait were taken rather than selecting only moths that appeared to be new to the study. Even with the bias of collecting only moths that appeared to be new, 559 species of macro-moths from 318 genera in 13 families were collected or observed during this study (Table 1). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Anne Chazal, Jolie Harrison, Chris Hobson, Steve Roble, and Rebecca Wilson assisted with field work. Kathy Derge, Chazal, Hobson, and especially Roble, all of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (DCR-DNH), assisted with identifications. Roble also recruited knowledgeable lepidopterists, including Douglas C. Ferguson, Paul Z. Goldstein, Stephen P. Hall, Eric L. Quinter, Dale F. Schweitzer, and J. Bolling Sullivan, to help with determinations. Manuscript preparation was funded in part by DCR-DNH. Dale Schweitzer assisted with reviewing an earlier draft of the final manuscript. Specimens are currently housed in the DCR-DNH reference collection, the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC) or the Virginia Museum of Natural History (Martinsville, VA). LITERATURE CITED Hodges, R.W., T. Dominick, D.C. Ferguson, J.G. Franclemont, E.G. Munroe, & J.A. Powell. 1983. Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E.W. Classey Ltd. & The Wedge Entomological Foundation, London. 284 pp. Ludwig, J.C. 2000. A survey of macrolepidopteran moths near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia. Banisteria 15: 16-35. Ludwig, J.C. 2001. An update to the survey of macrolepidopteran moths near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia. Banisteria 17: 42-47. Ludwig, J.C. 2002. Second update to the survey of macrolepidopteran moths near Vontay, Hanover County, Virginia. Banisteria 19: 17-19. LUDWIG: MACROLEPIDOPTERAN MOTHS 39 Table 1. Macro-moth species encountered during this study given in order of Hodges et al. (1983) with modifications as needed due to post-1983 systematic investigations. Thyatiridae (2 genera, 2 species) 06237 Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides (Gn.) 06240 Euthyatira pudens (Gn.) Drepanidae (3 genera, 3 species) 06251 Drepana arcuata Wk. 06253 Eudeilinia herminiata (Gn.) 06255 Oreta rosea (WIk.) Geometridae (73 genera, 110 species) 06258 Alsophila pometaria (Harr.) 06261 Heliomata cycladata Grt.& Rob. 06270 Protitame virginalis (Hulst) 06273 Speranza pustularia (Gn.) = Itame pustularia (Gn.) 06322 Mellilla xanthometata (W1k.) 06326 Macaria aemulataria Wk. = Semiothisa aemulataria (W1k.) 06331 Macaria promiscuata (Fgn.) = Semiothisa promiscuata F gn. 06339 Macaria transitaria Wk. = Semiothisa transitaria (WIk.) 06341 Macaria bicolorata (F.) = Semiothisa bicolorata (F.) 06352 Macaria granitata (Gn. ) = Semiothisa granitata (Gn. ) 06353 Macaria multilineata Pack. = Semiothisa multilineata (Pack.) 06362 Digrammia continuata (WIk.) = Semiothisa continuata (WIk.) 06386 Digrammia ocellinata (Gn.) = Semiothisa ocellinata (Gn.) 06405 Digrammia gnophosaria (Gn.) = Semiothisa gnophosaria (Gn.) 06443 Glenoides texanaria (Hulst) 06449 Glena cribrataria (Gn.) 06452 Glena plumosaria (Pack.) 06478 Exelis pyrolaria Gn. 06486 Tornos scolopacinarius (Gn.) 06584 Jridopsis humaria (Gn.) = Anacamptodes humaria (Gn.) 06586 Iridopsis defectaria (Gn.) = Anacamptodes defectaria (Gn.) 06588 Jridopsis larvaria (Gn.) 06590 Anavitrinella pampinaria (Gn.) 06594 Cleora sublunaria (Gn.) 06597 Ectropis crepuscularia (D.& S.) 06599 Epimecis hortaria (F. 06620 Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.) 06654 Hypagyrtis unipunctata (Haw. ) 06655 Hypagyrtis esther (Barnes) 06659 Phigalia denticulata Hulst 06660 Phigalia strigataria (Minot) 06662 Paleacrita vernata (Peck) 06663 Palaecrita merriccata Dyar 06665 Erannis tiliaria (Harr.) 06667 Lomographa vestaliata (Gn.) 06677 Cabera erythemaria Gn. 06711 Thysanopyga intractata (WIk.) 06720 Lytrosis unitaria (H.-S.) 06721 Lytrosis sinuosa Rindge 06724 Euchlaena serrata (Dru.) 06726 Euchlaena obtusaria (Hbn.) 06729 Euchlaena johnsonaria (Fitch) 06733 Euchlaena amoenaria (Gn.) 06733.a Euchlaena astylusaria (W1k.) 06735 Euchlaena pectinaria (D.& S.) 06739 Euchlaena irraria (B.& McD.) 06743 Xanthotype sospeta (Drury) 06754 Pero ancetaria (Hbn.) = Pero hubneria (Gn.) 06755 Pero morrisonaria (Hy. Edw.) 06763 Phaeoura quernaria (J.E.Sm.) = Nacophora quernaria (J.E.Sm.) 06796 Campaea perlata (Gn.) 06797 Ennomos magnaria Gn. 06815 Gueneria similaria (WIk.) 06817 Selenia alciphearia W\k. 06818 Selenia kentaria (Grt. & Rob.) 06822 Metarranthis duaria (Gn.) 06826 Metarranthis hypocharia (H.-S.) 06828 Metarranthis homuraria (Grt.& Rob.) 06832 Metarranthis obfirmaria (Hbn.) 06834 Cepphis decoloraria (Hulst) 06836 Anagoga occiduaria (WIk.) 06837 Probole alienaria H.-S. 06838 Probole amicaria (H.-S.) 06842 Plagodis phlogosaria (Gn.) 06843 Plagodis fervidaria (H.-S.) 06844 Plagodis alcoolaria (Gn.) 06884 Besma endropiaria (Grt.& Rob.) 06885 Besma quercivoraria (Gn. ) 06892 Lambdina pellucidaria (Grt.& Rob.) 06894.a Lambdina athasaria fervidaria (W1k.) 06941 Eusarca confusaria Hbn. 06963 Tetracis crocallata Gn. 06964 Tetracis cachexiata Gn. 06966 Eutrapela clemataria (J.E.Sm.) 06974.a Patalene olyzonaria puber (Grt.& Rob.) 06982 Prochoerodes lineola (Goeze) = Prochoerodes transversata (Dru.) 07033 Nemoria lixaria (Gn.) 07046 Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria Hbn. 07047 Nemoria rubrifrontaria (Pack.) 07053 Dichorda iridaria (Gn.) 07058 Synchlora aerata (F.) 07071 Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria (Gn.) 07075 Chloropteryx tepperaria (Hulst) 07084 Hethemia pistasciaria (Gn.) 07094 Lobocleta ossularia (Gey.) 40 07114 Idaea demissaria (Hbn.) 07123 Idaea obfusaria (WIk.) 07132 Pleuroprucha insulsaria (Gn.) 07136 Cyclophora packardi (Prout) 07146 Haematopis grataria (F.) 07159 Scopula limboundata (Haw.) 07169 Scopula inductata (Gn. ) 07179 Leptostales rubromarginaria (Pack.) 07181 Lophosis labeculata (Hulst) 07196 Eulithis diversilineata (Hbn.) 07237.a Hydriomena transfigurata manitoba B.& McD. 07292 Rheumaptera prunivorata (F gn.) = Hydria prunivorata (Fgn.) 07388 Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Clerck) 07390 Xanthorhoe lacustrata (Gn.) 07414 Orthonama obstipata (F.) 07416 Costaconvexa centrostrigaria (Woll.) = Orthonama centrostrigaria (Woll.) 07417 Disclisioprocta stellata (Gn.) 07422 Hydrelia inornata (Hulst) 07440 Eubaphe mendica (WIk.) 07474 Eupithecia miserulata Gtt. 07509.1 Eupithecia matheri Rindge [Specimens originally reported as Eupithecia herefordaria C.& S. in Ludwig (2000)] 07638 Cladara anguilineata (Grt.& Rob.) 07639 Cladara atroliturata (W1k.) 07647 Heterophleps triguttaria H.-S. 07648 Dyspteris arbortivaria (H.-S.) Epiplemidae (2 genera, 2 species) 07650 Callizzia amorata Pack. 07653 Calledapteryx dryopterata Gtt. Mimallonidae (1 genus, 1 species) 07659 Lacosoma chiridota Gtt. Apatelodidae (2 genera, 2 species) 07663 Apatelodes torrefacta (J.E.Sm.) 07665 Olceclostera angelica (Grt.) Lasiocampidae (4 genera, 5 species) 07670 Tolype velleda (Stoll) 07683 Artace cribraria (Ljungh) 07687 Phyllodesma americana (Hartr.) 07698 Malacosoma disstria Hbn. 07701 Malacosoma americanum (F.) Saturniidae (10 genera, 12 species) 07704 Eacles imperialis (Dru.) 07706 Citheronia regalis (F.) 07708 Citheronia sepulcralis Grt.& Rob. 07715 Dryocampa rubicunda (F.) 07716 Anisota stigma (F.) 07723 Anisota virginiensis (Dru.) 07730 Hemileuca maia (Dru.) 07746 Automeris io (F.) 07757 Antheraea polyphemus (Cram.) 07758 Actias luna (L.) BANISTERIA 07765 Callosamia angulifera (W1k.) 07767 Hyalophora cecropia (L.) Sphingidae (14 genera, 21 species) 07771 Agrius cingulatus (F.) 07775 Manduca sexta (L.) 07783 Manduca jasminearum (Guet.) 07784 Dolba hyloeus (Dru.) 07786 Ceratomia amyntor (Geyer) 07787 Ceratomia undulosa (WIk.) 07789 Ceratomia catalpae (Bdv.) 07793 Paratrea plebeja (F.) 07816 Lapara coniferarum (J.E.Sm.) 07821 Smerinthus jamaicensis (Dru.) 07824 Paonias excaecatus (J.E.Sm.) 07825 Paonias myops (J.E.Sm.) 07826 Paonias astylus (Dru.) 07827 Laothoe juglandis (J.E.Sm.) 07853 Hemaris thysbe (F.) 07855 Hemaris diffinis (Bdv.) 07870 Sphecodina abbottii (Swainson) 07871 Deidamia inscripta (Harr.) 07885 Darapsa myron (Cram. ) 07886 Darapsa pholus (Cram.) 07894 Hyles lineata (F.) Notodontidae (18 genera, 35 species) 07896 Clostera inclusa (Hbn.) 07902 Datana ministra (Drury) 07903 Datana angusii Grt.& Rob. 07905 Datana drexelii Hy. Edw. NO. 34, 2009 [This specimen was assigned to D. drexelii based on food plant preference, but it may be D. major Grt. & Rob.] 07906 Datana contracta Wk. 07907 Datana integerrima Grt.& Rob. 07908 Datana perspicua Grt.& Rob. 07915 Nadata gibbosa (J.E.Sm.) 07917 Hyperaeschra georgica (H.-S.) 07920 Peridea angulosa (J.E.Sm.) 07921 Peridea ferruginea Pack. 07929 Nerice bidentata WIk. 07931 Gluphisia septentrionalis W\k. 07936 Furcula borealis (Guet.) 07937 Furcula cinerea (WIk.) 07942 Cerura scitiscripta W\k. 07951 Symmerista albifrons (J.E.Sm.) 07952 Symmerista canicosta Franc. 07957 Dasylophia anguinea (J.E.Sm.) 07958 Dasylophia thyatiroides (W1k.) 07974 Misogada unicolor (Pack.) 07975 Macrurocampa marthesia (Cram. ) 07983 Heterocampa obliqua Pack. 07990 Heterocampa umbrata W\k. 07994 Heterocampa guttivitta (W1k.) 07995 Heterocampa biundata Wk. 07998 Lochmaeus manteo Doubleday 07999 Lochmaeus bilineata (Pack.) 08005 Schizura ipomoeae Doubleday 08006 Schizura badia (Pack.) LUDWIG: MACROLEPIDOPTERAN MOTHS 4] 08007 Schizura unicornis (J.E.Sm.) 08011 Schizura leptinoides (Gtt.) 08012 Oligocentria semirufescens (WIk.) 08017 Oligocentria lignicolor (W\k.) 08022 Hyparpax aurora (J.E.Sm.) Arctiidae (18 genera, 33 species) 08045 Crambidia lithosioides Dyar 08046 Crambidia uniformis Dyar 8053.1 Crambidia sp. near cephalica (Grt.& Rob.) 08061 Cisthene kentuckiensis (Dyar) 08067 Cisthene plumbea Stretch 08072 Cisthene packardii (Grt.) 08089 Hypoprepia miniata (Kby.) 08090 Hypoprepia fucosa Hbn. 08098 Clemensia albata Pack. 08099 Pagara simplex W1k. 08107 Haploa clymene (Brown) 08110 Haploa contigua (W1k.) 08111 Haploa lecontei (Guer.-Meneville) 08118 Virbia opella (Grt.) = Holomelina opella (Gtt.) 08121 Virbia aurantiaca (Hbn.) = Holomelina aurantiaca (Hbn.) 08129 Pyrrharctia isabella (J.E.Sm.) 08131 Estigmene acrea (Dru.) 08134 Spilosoma congrua W\k. 08140 Hyphantria cunea (Dru.) 08146 Hypercompe scribonia (Stoll) = Ecpantheria scribonia (Stoll) 08170 Apantesis vittata (F.) 08171 Apantesis nais (Dru.) 08171.1 Apantesis carlotta Fgn. 08176 Grammia anna (Gtt.) 08188 Grammia figurata (Dru.) 08196.a Grammia parthenice intermedia (Stretch) 08197 Grammia virgo (L.) 08199 Grammia arge (Dru.) 08203 Halysidota tessellaris (J.E.Sm.) 08230 Cycnia tenera Hbn. 08231 Cycnia oregonensis (Stretch) 08238 Euchaetes egle (Dru.) 08267 Cisseps fulvicollis (Hbn.) Lymantriidae (3 genera, 6 species) 08292 Dasychira tephra Hbn. 08296 Dasychira basiflava (Pack.) 08302 Dasychira obliquata (Grt.& Rob.) 08314 Orgyia definita Pack. 08316 Orgyia leucostigma (J.E.Sm.) 08318 Lymantria dispar (L.) Noctuidae (168 genera, 327 species) 08322 Idia americalis (Gn.) 08323 Idia aemula Hbn. 08326 Idia rotundalis (WIk.) 08327 Idia forbesi (French) 08328 Idia julia (B.&McD.) 08329 Idia diminuendis (B.& McD.) 08333 08334 08338 08340 08345 08347 08348 08349 08351 08355 08356 08358 08364 08366 08368 08370 08378 08381 Idia denticulalis (Harv.) Idia lubricalis (Gey.) Phalaenophana pyramusalis (W1k.) Zanclognatha lituralis (Hbn.) Zanclognatha laevigata (Gtt.) Zanclognatha obscuripennis (Gtt.) Zanclognatha pedipilalis (Gn.) Zanclognatha protumnusalis (W1k.) Zanclognatha cruralis (Gn.) Chytolita morbidalis (Gn.) Chytolita petrealis Gtt. Macrochilo litophora (Grt.) Phalaenostola larentioides Gtrt. Tetanolita mynesalis (WIk.) Tetanolita floridana (Sm.) Bleptina caradrinalis Gn. Renia salusalis (WI\k.) Renia discoloralis Gn. 08381.1 Renia sp. near discoloralis Gn. 08384.1 Renia flavipunctalis (Gey.) 08387 08393 08397 08398 08401 08404 08407 08411 08426 08427 08428 08430 08440 08441 Renia sobrialis (W1k.) Lascoria ambigualis Wk. Palthis angulalis (Hbn.) Palthis asopialis (Gn.) Redectis vitrea (Grt.) Rivula propinqualis Gn. Oxycilla malaca (Gtt.) Colobochyla interpuncta (Grtt.) Dyspyralis illocata Watt. Dyspyralis punticosta (Sm.) Dyspyralis nigella (Stkr.) Parahypenodes quadralis B.& McD. Nigetia formosalis Wk. Hypena manalis (WI1k.) = Bomolocha manalis (Wk.) 08442 Hypena baltimoralis Gn. = Bomolocha baltimoralis (Gn.) 08443 Hypena bijugalis Wk. = Bomolocha bijugalis (W1k.) 08444 Hypena palparia (WIk.) = Bomolocha palparia (WIk.) 08445 Hypena abalienalis (W1k.) = Bomolocha abalienalis (W1k.) 08446 Hypena deceptalis (WI\k.) = Bomolocha deceptalis (Wk.) 08447 Hypena madefactalis (Gn.) = Bomolocha madefactalis (Gn.) 08465 Hypena scabra (F.) = Plathypena scabra (F.) 08467 08479 08490 08491 08493 08499 08500 08502 08505 Hemeroplanis scopulepes (Haw.) Spargaloma sexpunctata Gtt. Pangrapta decoralis Hbn. Ledaea periditalis (W1k.) Isogona tenuis (Gtt.) Metalectra discalis (Gtt.) Metalectra quadrisignata (WIk.) Metalectra tantillus (Grtt.) Metalectra richardsi Brower 08509 Arugisa latiorella (W1k.) 42 08514 Scolecocampa liburna (Gey.) 08523 Gabara distema (Gtt.) 08525 Phyprosopus callitrichoides Grt. 08528 Hypsoropha hormos Hbn. 08534 Plusiodonta compressipalpis Gn. 08536 Calyptra canadensis (Bethune) 08574 Anticarsia gemmatalis Hbn. 08587 Panopoda rufimargo (Hbn.) 08588 Panopoda carneicosta Gn. 08591 Phoberia atomaris Hbn. 08592 Cissusa spadix (Cram.) 08651 Lesmone detrahens (WIk.) 08689 Zale lunata (Dru.) 08692 Zale galbanata (Morr.) 08694 Zale aeruginosa (Gn.) 08695 Zale undularis (Dru.) 08697 Zale minerea (Gn.) 08699 Zale obliqua (Gn.) 08704 Zale helata (Sm.) 08705 Zale bethunei (Sm.) 08707 Zale metatoides McD. 08708 Zale metata (Sm.) [One specimen originally reported as Zale duplicata (Bethune) in Ludwig (2002)] 08713 Zale lunifera (Hbn.) 08716 Zale unilineata (Gtt.) 08717 Zale horrida Hbn. 08719 Euparthenos nubilis (Hbn.) 08721 Allotria elonympha (Hbn.) 08727 Parallelia bistriaris Hbn. 08733 Caenurgia chloropha (Hbn.) 08738 Caenurgina crassiuscula (Haw.) 08739 Caenurgina erechtea (Cram.) 08743 Mocis latipes (Gn.) 08745 Mocis texana (Morr.) 08747 Celiptera frustulum Gn. 08764 Argyrostrotis anilis (Dru.) 08769 Spiloloma lunilinea Grt. 08770 Catocala innubens Gn. 08771 Catocala piatrix Gtt. 08773 Catocala epione (Dru.) 08782 Catocala flebilis Grt. 08790 Catocala dejecta Stkr. 08792 Catocala vidua (J.E.Sm.) 08794 Catocala lacrymosa Gn. 08796 Catocala nebulosa Edw. 08798 Catocala neogama (J.E.Sm.) 08801 Catocala ilia (Cram.) 08801.1 Catocala umbrosa Brou 08802 Catocala cerogama Gn. 08832 Catocala cara Gn. 08847 Catocala gracilis Edw. 08849 Catocala andromedae Gn. 08851 Catocala coccinata Grt. 08857 Catocala ultronia (Hbn.) 08864 Catocala grynea (Cram.) 08872 Catocala clintoni Grt. 08877 Catocala connubialis Gn. 08878 Catocala amica (Hbn.) BANISTERIA 08878.a Catocala lineella Gtt. 08886 Enigmogramma basigera (WIk.) 08887 Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) 08889 Ctenoplusia oxygramma (Gey.) = Agrapha oxgramma (Gey.) 08890 Pseudoplusia includens (W1k.) 08898 Allagrapha aerea (Hbn.) 08904 Chrysanympha formosa (Gtt.) 08907 Megalographa biloba (Steph.) = Autographa biloba (Steph.) 08908 Autographa precationis (Gn.) 08924 Anagrapha falcifera (Kby.) 08955 Marathyssa inficita (WI1k.) 08957 Paectes oculatrix (Gn.) 08959 Paectes pygmaea Hbn. 08962 Paectes abrostoloides (Gn.) 08968 Eutelia pulcherrima (Gtt.) 08969 Baileya doubledayi (Gn.) 08970 Baileya ophthalmica (Gn.) 08971 Baileya dormitans (Gn.) 08973 Baileya australis (Grt.) 08975 Nycteola frigidana (WIk.) 08983 Meganola phylla (Dyar) 08983.2 Meganola spodia Franc. 08990 Nola cilicoides (Grt.) 08996 Nola clethrae Dyar 09003.1 Tripudia rectangula Pogue [Specimen originally reported as Tripudia quadrifera (Zell.) in Ludwig (2001)] 09025 Oruza albocostaliata (Pack.) 09037 Hyperstrotia pervertens (B.& McD.) 09038 Hyperstrotia villificans (B.& McD.) 09039 Hyperstrotia flaviguttata (Gtt.) 09040 Hyperstrotia secta (Gtt.) 09044 Thioptera nigrofimbria (Gn.) 09047 Lithacodia muscosula (Gn.) 09049 Maliattha synochitis (Grt.& Rob.) = Lithacodia synochitis (Grt.& Rob.) 09051 Lithacodia musta (Grt.& Rob.) 09053 Pseudeustrotia carneola (Gn.) = Lithacodia carneola (Gn.) 09057 Homophoberia apicosa (Haw.) 09062 Cerma cerintha (Tr.) 09065 Leuconycta diphteroides (Gn.) 09085 Tarachidia semiflava (Gn.) 09090. Tarachidia candefacta (Hbn.) 09095 Tarachidia erastrioides (Gn.) 09127 Spragueia leo (Gn.) 09136 Acontia aprica (Hbn.) 09169 Bagisara rectifascia (Grt.) 09182 Panthea furcilla (Pack.) 09184 Colocasia flavicornis (Sm.) 09189 Charadra deridens (Gn.) 09193 Raphia frater Grt. 09199 Acronicta rubricoma Gn. 09200 Acronicta americana (Harr.) 09208 Acronicta betulae Riley 09216 Acronicta albarufa Grt. 09221 Acronicta funeralis (Grt.& Rob.) NO. 34, 2009 09225 Acronicta vinnula (Grt.) 09227 Acronicta laetifica Sm. 09229 Acronicta hasta Gn. 09236 Acronicta morula Grt.& Rob. 09237 Acronicta interrupta Gn. 09238 Acronicta lobeliae Gn. 09242 Acronicta exilis Grt. 09243 Acronicta ovata Gtt. 09244 Acronicta modica WIk. 09250. Acronicta inclara Sm. 09251 Acronicta retardata (W1k.) 09254 Acronicta afflicta Grt. 09257 Acronicta impleta W\k. 09259 Acronicta noctivaga Gtt. 09264 Acronicta longa Gn. 09266 Acronicta lithospila Gtt. 09272 Acronicta oblinita (J.E. Sm.) 09280 Simyra insularis (H.-S.) = Simyra henrici (Gtt.) 09281 Agriopodes fallax (H.-S.) 09284 Anterastria teratophora (H.-S.) = Agriopodes teratophora (H.-S.) 09285 Polygrammate hebraeicum Hbn. 09286 Harrisimemna trisignata (WIk.) 09286.1 Comachara cadburyi Franc. 09299 Eudryas unio (Hbn.) 09301 Eudryas grata (F.) 09332 Apamea vulgaris (Grt.& Rob.) 09348 Apamea amputatrix (Fitch) 09404 Oligia modica (Gn.) 09427 Meropleon diversicolor (Mortr.) 09454 Loscopia velata (WIk.) = Amphipoea velata (WIk.) 09456 Amphipoea interoceanica (Sm.) 09463 Parapamea buffaloensis (Gtt.) 09466 Papaipema cataphracta (Gtt.) 09484 Papaipema rutila (Gn.) 09485 Papaipema baptisiae (Bird) 09496 Papaipema nebris (Gn.) 09501 Papaipema eupatorii (Lyman) 09505 Papaipema cerussata (Gtt.) 09525.c Bellura anoa (Dyar) 09545 Euplexia benesimilis McD. 09547 Phlogophora periculosa Gn. 09556 Chytonix palliatricula (Gn.) 09560 Dypterygia rozmani Berio 09582 Nedra ramosula (Gn.) 09618 Phosphila turbulenta Hbn. 09619 Phosphila miselioides (Gn.) 09631 Callopistria mollissima (Gn.) 09638 Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. 09647 Proxenus miranda (Gtt.) 09650 Anorthodes tarda (Gn.) 09661 Crambodes talidiformis Gn. 09662 Balsa malana (Fitch) 09666 Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Sm.) 09669 Spodoptera ornithogalli (Gn.) 09678 Elaphria versicolor (Gtt.) 09679 Elaphria chalcedonia (Hbn.) LUDWIG: MACROLEPIDOPTERAN MOTHS 43 09681.1 Elaphria cornutinis Saluke & Pogue [Identity of additional specimens not confirmed; some may be E. alapallida Pogue & Sullivan] 09684 Elaphria grata Hbn. 09688 Galgula partita Gn. 09689 Perigea xanthioides Gn. 09690 Condica videns (Gn.) = Platysenta videns (Gn.) 09693 Condica mobilis (WIk.) = Platysenta mobilis (WIk.) 09699 Condica sutor (Gn.) = Platysenta sutor (Gn.) 09720 Ogdoconta cinereola (Gn.) 09725 Azenia obtusa (H.-S.) = Stiriodes obtusa (H.-S.) 09766 Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grt. 09815 Cosmia calami (Harv.) 09886 Lithophane patefacta (WIk.) 09892 Lithophane disposita Morr. 09893 Lithophane hemina Gtt. 09905 Lithophane viridipallens Grt. 09910. Lithophane antennata (W1k.) 09915 Lithophane grotei Riley 09916 Lithophane unimoda (Lint.) 09929 Pyreferra hesperidago (Gn.) 09930 Pyreferra citrombra Franc. 09933 Eupsilia vinulenta (Gtt.) 09934 Eupsilia cirripalea Franc. 09934.1 Eupsilia sp. near cirripalea Franc. 09935 Eupsilia tristigmata (Gtt.) 09941 Sericaglaea signata (French) 09942 Xystopeplus rufago (Hbn.) 09943 Metaxaglaea inulta (Gtt.) 09944 Metaxaglaea viatica (Gtt.) 09945.2 Metaxaglaea violacea Schweitzer 09946 Epiglaea decliva (Gtt.) 09950 Chaetaglaea sericea (Morr.) 09952 Eucirroedia pampina (Gn.) 09957 Agrochola bicolorago (Gn.) = Sunira bicolorago (Gn.) 09961 Anathix ralla (Grt.& Rob.) 09989.a Sutyna privata teltowa (Sm.) 10014 Psaphida rolandi (Gtt.) 10016 Psaphida styracis (Gn.) 10019 Psaphida resumens WIk. 10021 Copivaleria grotei (Morr.) 10065 Homohadena infixa (W1k.) [All specimens originally reported as H. badistriga (Gtt.) in Ludwig (2000) are now attributed to H. infixa. | 10304 Trichordestra legitima (Gtt.) 10368 Lacinipolia meditata (Gtt.) 10372 Lacinipolia anguina (Gtt.) 10397 Lacinipolia renigera (Steph.) 10405 Lacinipolia lorea (Gn.) 10406 Lacinipolia olivacea (Morr.) 10413 Lacinipolia explicata McD. 10414 Lacinipolia implicata McD. 10438 Mythimna unipuncta (Haw. ) = Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) 44 10445 Leucania linda Franc. 10456 Leucania adjuta (Grt.) 10461 Leucania ursula (Fbs.) 10487 Orthosia rubescens (WIk.) 10488 Orthosia garmani (Gtt.) 10495 Orthosia hibisci (Gn.) 10501 Crocigrapha normani (Gtt.) 10502 Himella fidelis (Grt.) = Himella intractata (Mort.) 10517 Egira alternans (W\k.) 10518 Achatia distincta Hbn. 10521 Morrisonia confusa (Hbn.) 10521.1 Morrisonia latex (Gn.) 10524 Nephelodes minians Gn. 10532.b Homorthodes lindseyi (Ben).) 10567 Ulolonche culea (Gn.) 10585 Orthodes majuscula H.-S. = Orthodes crenulata (BttIr.) 10587 Orthodes cynica Gn. 10589.1 Orthodes detracta (WIk.) 10589.2 Orthodes goodelli (Grt.) 10627 Tricholita signata (WIk.) 10648 Agrotis gladiaria Morr. 10651 Agrotis venerabilis Wk. 10663 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) 10664 Feltia subterranea (F.) 10675 Feltia tricosa (Lint.) 10676 Feltia herilis (Grt.) 10870 Dichagyris acclivis (Morr.) = Richia acclivis (Morr.) 10891.1 Ochropleura implecta Laf. 10903 Anicla illapsa (WIk.) = Euagrotis illapsa (WI\k.) BANISTERIA 10911 Anicla infecta (Ochs.) 10915 Peridroma saucia (Hbn.) 10942.1 Xestia dolosa Franc. 10944 Xestia smithii (Snell.) 10950. Pseudohermonassa bicarnea (Gn.) = Xestia bicarnea (Gn.) 10955 Agnorisma badinodis (Gtt.) = Xestia badinodis (Grt.) 10956 Agnorisma bollii (Grt.) = Xestia bollii (Gtt.) 10967 Xestia elimata (Gn.) = Anomogyna elimata (Gn.) 10969 Xestia dilucida (Mortr.) = Anomogyna dilucida (Mortr.) 10994 Cerastis tenebrifera (Wk.) 10998 Choephora fungorum Grt.& Rob. 11006 Protolampra brunneicollis (Gtt.) 11012.1 Noctua pronuba (L.) 11029 Abagrotis alternata (Gtt.) 11063 Pyrrhia adela Laf. & Mikkola 11068 Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) = Heliothis zea (Boddie) 11070 Heliothis subflexa (Gn.) 11071 Heliothis virescens (F.) 11073.1 Heliocheilus lupatus (Gtt.) [Specimen originally reported as Heliothis phloxiphagus Grt.& Rob. in Ludwig (2000)] 11117 Schinia lynx (Gn.) 11118 Schinia obscurata Stkr. 11128 Schinia arcigera (Gn.) 11135 Schinia rivulosa (Gn.) 11149 Schinia trifascia Hbn. 11177 Schinia nundina (Dru.) NO. 34, 2009 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS 45 Shorter Contributions Banisteria, Number 34, pages 45-47 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society FIRST RECORD OF THE EXOTIC INVASIVE VITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA (VERBENACEAE) _ IN VIRGINIA. — Vitex rotundifolia L.f., commonly referred to as beach vitex or roundleaf chastetree, is a low-growing, crawling, invasive shrub that was discovered growing wild on the backslope, crest, and foredune of Willoughby Spit in Norfolk, Virginia by L. Rosenberg in September 2008 (Fig. 1). This is the first documented record of V. rotundifolia in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Specimens were collected and verified on 10 October 2008 by the authors, and have been deposited in the herbarium, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. Vitex rotundifolia is a perennial, deciduous, woody shrub indigenous to coastal sand dunes of eastern and southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. It is a highly salt- and drought-tolerant species that is adapted to full-sun and grows well in dune and other sandy environments, well-drained soils, or disturbed sites (Socha & Roecher, 2004; Madsen et al., 2005). Vitex rotundifolia grows 0.5-1.0 m in height; however growth is primarily concentrated in a dense mat horizontally, with spreading branches up to 20 m long and approximately 5 m in width (Kim, 2004; Madsen et al., 2005; Fig. 1). Nodal rooting of the branches contributes to this mat-like growth (Socha & Roecher, 2004). Negative effects of V. rotundifolia on the local environment include the exclusion of native plants from beaches, increased rates of dune erosion, and lower rates of successful reproduction in sea_ turtles (Swearingen et al., 2002). It is also known to crowd out the federally threatened plant, seabeach amaranth (Amaranth pumilis Raf.) (Invasive Plant Atlas of the MidSouth). Native plants are excluded locally due to shading by the V. rotundifolia growth mat and the plant’s release of allelopathic compounds that make the soil hydrophobic (Ono et al., 2002). These changes cause both light and drought stress in less tolerant native species and result in vast dune monocultures of V. rotundifolia (Gresham & Neal, 2004). Ensuing monocultures trigger increased rates of dune erosion (Sea Grant North Carolina, 2006). Unlike the fibrous root structures of native dune grasses, V. rotundifolia features a deep tap root (Fig. 2) with minimal branches that provides little structure to the soil matrix (GISDB, 2007). Furthermore, the low growth of V. rotundifolia makes it a poor catchment species for blown sand, thereby increasing wind erosion of dunes (ZhiQuan et al., 1996). Monocultures of V. rotundifolia also lead to increased mortality rates in young sea turtles. The dense growth of this invasive species decreases quality nesting areas for adults and entraps newly hatched turtles migrating to the water in its long, branching runners (Gresham & Neal, 2004). The plant was originally introduced to the United States by North Carolina State University Arboretum for the purpose of dune stabilization and ornamental use in the mid-1980s (Socha & Roecher, 2004). Today, V. rotundifolia is categorized as an exotic, invasive species typically found in the coastal Carolinas and is described as a quarantine significant pest with medium-high risk potential (National Research Council, 2002; GISDB, 2007). Because of the plant’s ability to: 1) survive in five U.S. hardiness zones, 2) create a large seed bank, and 3) reproduce at leaf nodes, spreading of V. rotundifolia from the Carolinas to other southeastern Fig. 1. The main colony of Vitex rotundifolia found growing on the backslope, crest, and foredune of Willoughby Spit, Norfolk, Virginia, September 2008 (photo by L. Rosenberg). Fig. 2. The deep tap root of Vitex rotundifolia provides little structure to the soil matrix and increases dune erosion (photo by L. Rosenberg). 46 BANISTERIA coastal states has long been expected (Madsen et al., 2005). Transportation to new areas is accomplished via consumption and excretion of seeds by fauna, floating of vegetation in water currents and the subsequent deposition and rooting of vegetative fragments on beaches, and the continued sale and use of V. rotundifolia as a woody ornamental (Socha & Roecher 2004; GISDB, 2007). In Norfolk, it is suspected that the main Vitex colony originated from plantings by local property owners, but this has not been substantiated. One possible source was suggested following a radio show on the issue, when L. Rosenberg received a call from a concerned homeowner stating that she had inadvertently planted V. rotundifolia in her yard as an ornamental. The caller’s property is located approximately four miles (6.4 km) from Willoughby Spit in the Lafayette River watershed in Norfolk; however, the site is not on any body of water. It was reported by the property owner that the V. rotundifolia specimens had been purchased from a nursery on the Eastern Shore of Virginia two years prior. Although seeds could have been moved from these specimens to the infested dune via ingestion and excretion by birds, this would appear to be highly unlikely because the specimens planted as ornamentals were highly stressed due to shading and, according to the homeowner, had not flowered or produced seeds during the past growing season (pers. comm. to Rosenberg). A more likely explanation for the invasive colony is that individuals were introduced via direct planting of the shrub in the dunes by other local property owners. Vitex rotundifolia is currently in the process of being registered as a Federal Noxious Weed (National Research Council, 2002; GISDB, 2007). If listed, its sale and transport within the United States would be strictly regulated. In the Carolinas, community involvement efforts have already been put in place to minimize the impact and spread of this species. Programs include promoting identification of new V. rotundifolia communities, and monitoring and eradicating existing communities (Sea Grant North Carolina, 2006). Accepted practices for eradication include physical and chemical removal (Britton et al., 2002; GISDB, 2007). Physical removal may include hand-pulling and digging. Mechanical digging, however, is often discouraged due to the fragile nature of dunes and the risk of erosion caused by this method (Britton et al., 2002). During physical removal caution must also be taken to extract the entire root structure, as well as any remaining stem fragments, to minimize reestablishment (National Research Council, 2002; GISDB, 2007). Other physical methods include clipping flowering/ fruiting stems and seaward runners to reduce species NO. 34, 2009 migration. All plant material should be disposed of in landfills in sealed plastic bags rather than mulched or composted to further decrease the risk of introduction (GISDB, 2007). Chemical treatment of V. rotundifolia can be accomplished in one of three ways: 1) cut the aboveground vegetation back to a stump and then apply a glyphosate paint to the exposed cut, 2) wound the stem and then apply a herbicide to the wound, or 3) apply an oil-based herbicide mixture to the stem in a 30-45 cm length band at the base of the stem (Gresham & Neal, 2004; Sea Grant North Carolina, 2006; GISDB, 2007). It is important to note that revegetation with native grass and dune species should be incorporated into any control program to prevent erosion and recolonization (ZhiQuan et al., 1996). In Norfolk, the main colony of V. rotundifolia, as well as 20 additional plants found nearby, was treated with the herbicide Habitat on 10 October 2008. Individuals were cut at the base and then sprayed with the herbicide directly on the open wound per the recommendations of Hal Drotor of Clemson University. Initial treatments will be followed with a second herbicide treatment of Garlon in the spring on plants that exhibit new growth. Physical removal of dead plants will then occur following the spring treatment of Garlon. The City of Norfolk Environmental Services Division will also continue monitoring for new outbreaks of the plant and has notified adjacent localities and state agencies of the potential for further invasion into Virginia’s dune areas. While it is likely V. rotundifolia will continue to migrate north by water currents, the planting of nursery stock by local residents remains the most likely source of introduction. In fact, while it has been confirmed that many local nurseries in the Hampton Roads area are aware of the invasive nature of V. rotundifolia, and do not sell the plant, at least one nursery located near the barrier islands of Virginia provided the plant for public sale as recently as 2008 (phone survey by L. Rosenberg). If the sale of this plant continues, and it reaches the beachhead of the undeveloped barrier islands, it will pose serious threats to this unique Virginia ecosystem. Note added in proof: A temporary quarantine prohibiting the movement of Vitex rotundifolia was issued by the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services in late October 2009. This quarantine has been made permanent, effective on 3 December 2009, and specifically restricts transport of the plant, or any of its parts, within or from Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Accomack County, and Northampton County, Virginia. Property owners are also being advised to contact their local cooperative agricultural SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS 47 extension offices in the event that any new JV. rotundifolia colonies are discovered. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is a contribution from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary. LITERATURE CITED Britton, K.O., D. Orr, & J. Sun. 2002. Kudzu. Pp. 325- 330 In R. Van Driesche, S. Lyon, B. Blossey, M. Hoddle, & R. Reardon (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04, Bulletin Distribution Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Global Invasive Species Data Base (GISDB). Vitex rotundifolia. http://www. issg.org/database/species/ ecology.asp?si=1110&fr=1 &sts=sss&lang=EN Gresham, C.A., & A. Neal. 2004. An evaluation of the invasive potential of beach vitex (Vitex rotundifolia). The Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC. 22 pp. Invasive Plant Atlas of the MidSouth. Vitex rotundifolia yee http://www.gri.msstate.edu/ipams/Species.php? SName=&CName=Beach-+vitex Kim, K.D. 2005. Invasive plants on disturbed Korean sand dunes. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 62: 353-364. Madsen, J.D., C. Abbott, R. Brown, L. Bruce, J. Byrd Jr., E. Dibble, G. Ervin, J. Fowler, V. Maddox, & D. Shaw. 2005. Research to support integrated management systems of aquatic and terrestrial invasive species. Geosystems Research Institute December 2005 Annual Report #5004. Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. 141 pp. National Research Council. 2002. Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 194 pp. Ono, M., T. Yanaka, M. Yamamoto, Y. Ito, & T. Nohara. 2002. New diterpenes and norditerpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Journal of Natural Products 65: 537-541. Sea Grant North Carolina. 2006. Beach vitex: kudzu of the coast? Spring 2006 Coastwatch. National Sea Grant College Program. Socha, T., & R. Roecher. 2004. ‘Kudzu of the beach’ threatens Carolina dunes. Engineer Update 28. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, & S. Zwicker. 2002. Plant invaders of mid-Atlantic natural areas. National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 82 pp. ZhiQuan, Z., Z. Yi, C. ShouZhu, & C. YuanSheng. 1996. Study on planting a grass vegetative outer fringe on sandy coast shelter forest in Guangdong Province. Forest Research 9: 127-132. Christian Hauser’ Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Lee Rosenberg Environmental Services Division Department of Planning & Community Development Room 508, City Hall Building 810 Union Street Norfolk, Virginia 23510 James E. Perry Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 ‘email: cahauser@vims.edu Banisteria, Number 34, pages 47-49 © 2009 Virginia Natural History Society PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION OF BLUE- MORPH ROSS’S GOOSE (CHEN ROSSII) ON ASSATEAGUE ISLAND, VIRGINIA. — The blue- morph Ross’s Goose (Chen rossii) is one of the rarer genetically-determined polymorphisms in birds (McLandress & McLandress, 1979; Mundy et al., 2004). Plumage polymorphism in Ross’s and Snow Geese is associated with a point substitution in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MCIR) gene (Mundy et al., 2004). The origin of the “blue” allele in Ross’s Geese is unknown, but it could have been introduced through 48 BANISTERIA hybridization with Snow Geese or it could have originated as a recurrent mutation of the MC/R gene. Blue-morph individuals comprise less than 0.01% of the wintering population of Ross’s Goose in California (McLandress & McLandress, 1979) and are similarly rare in the Mississippi and Atlantic flyways where wintering populations have increased dramatically during the past two decades (Ryder & Alisauskas, 1995). Records of blue-morph Ross’s Geese east of the Mississippi River have been limited to a few anecdotal reports posted by birders and waterfowl hunters on internet websites and a single peer-reviewed sight record from Assateague Island, Virginia (Graves, 2005). A probable blue-morph Ross’s Goose 50 id fae ia No By Wo ey 2 : 2 ie. ho ion hon Qo i i 1 i i i i 1 1 Jun Jul Aug Jan Feb Mar Apr May DEFINITIONS: Page Loads - The number of times the front page has been visited. Unique Visitors - Total of the returning visitors. First Time Visitors - First time visitor to the VNHS website. Returning Visitors - A person returning to our website for another visit an hour or more later. Sep Oct Noy Dec Location of recent VNHS visitors: suor Finda Sverlge Sweden iceland f ¥r , ey) EOD ath tf North | \ O Atlantic " ni Mexico Algeria Libya : Mauritania Mall NIGEr faa n| We would like to thank the Conservation Management Institute (www.cmiweb.org) for hosting the VNHS website. Respectfully submitted, John White, VNHS Webmaster 5. Editor’s Report I am happy to report that after a two-year effort of reviewing, editing, writing, and proofreading, the Festschrift honoring Richard Hoffman has_ been published by the Virginia Museum of Natural History. See the announcements section for more details. More than a dozen manuscripts and notes were submitted for review since the last issue of Banisteria was published. Most of those papers appear in this issue while the others should be ready for the next issue. The papers exhibit increased diversity of subject matter, but we still desire an even greater diversity of topics. As a reminder to all prospective authors, Banisteria publishes papers on all aspects of natural history in Virginia (and neighboring states if relevant), including botany, zoology, ecology, archeology, anthropology, paleontology, geology, geography, and climatology. 54 BANISTERIA Page charges are waived for members of the Virginia Natural History Society and are only $15 per page for non-members. The instructions for authors were recently revised and are posted on the society’s website. Several more pdf files of past Banisteria papers were prepared for the website, but there are still many more to do before all published papers and shorter contributions are available for downloading. Whenever available, I will try to substitute color photos for black and white images in the pdf files. I will also investigate the approximate cost of publishing color figures in Banisteria for authors who are interested and willing to pay the appropriate higher page charges. Finally, I would like to thank the following individuals for providing peer reviews during the past two years (* = reviewed more than one manuscript): Dave Almquist, John Ascher, Mike Barber, Steve Cardiff, Anne Chazal, Roger Clapp, Charlie Covell, Mike Donahue, Dave Etnier*, Art Evans*, Henri Goulet, Gary Graves, Kris Gremillion, John Guccion, Carola Haas, Steve Hall, Phil Harpootlian*, Richard Harris, Steve Harris*, Tom Henry*, Richard Hoffman*, Josh Jones, Paul Lago, Tom McAvoy, Joe Mitchell*, Dan Moerman, Jyrki Muona, John Pagels, Harry Pavulaan, Norm Platnick, Marlin Rice, Mark Robbins, Bob Rose, T'ai Roulston, Helen Rountree, Nathan Schiff, Don Schwab, Bill Shear, Len Smock, Charlie Staines*, Warren Steiner*, Bo Sullivan, John Townsend, Deb Waller, Bryan Watts, Al Wheeler*, Tom Whyte, Tom Wieboldt*, and Robert Wright. My apologies if I inadvertently forgot to include the names of any additional reviewers. Steve Roble Editor, Banisteria Announcements 1. Richard Hoffman Festschrift The proceedings of the September 2007 symposium cosponsored by VNHS that honored society co-founder Richard Hoffman’s 80" birthday and career were recently published by the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH Special Publication No. 16). Entitled “A Lifetime of Contributions to Myriapodology and the Natural History of Virginia: A Festschrift in Honor of Richard L. Hoffman’s 80th Birthday”, the book was coedited by current and former Banisteria editors Steve NO. 34, 2009 Roble and Joe Mitchell. This 458-page, hardbound volume includes 32 chapters by 41 authors from four continents, with papers covering taxa ranging from salamanders, millipeds, centipeds, and crustaceans to insects, plants, and fossil mammals. Descriptions are presented for one new genus and 32 new species, 11 of which are named in honor of Dr. Hoffman. Several of these species occupy highly threatened habitats and are potentially threatened with extinction. The cost of the Festschrift is $76 (includes postage to US addresses). Virginia residents must also add 5% sales tax. The museum accepts credit card orders over the phone or money orders. Address written correspondence to: Publications Sales, Virginia Museum of Natural History, 21 Starling Avenue, Martinsville, VA 24112; phone (276) 634-4141, extension 4319; email: brad.harris@ vmnh.virginia.gov; website: http://www.vmnh.net/store.cfm 2. Membership Renewals and Councilor Election A membership renewal notice for 2010 (includes Banisteria numbers 35 and 36) will be sent to all members soon. This mailing will also include a ballot for the election of a councilor to replace Janet Reid, whose term expires in December 2009. Errata The editor has been informed of the following errors that appeared in Banisteria 33: In the paper “The Ant Community of a Riparian Forest in the Dyke Marsh Preserve, Fairfax County, Virginia, and a Checklist of Mid-Atlantic Formicidae” published in Banisteria 33, pages 3-17, replace the name Viburnum molle (Smooth Arrowwood) with Viburnum dentatum (Smooth Arrowwood) on page 4. This same correction should be made in the paper entitled “Arthropod Community Heterogeneity in a Mid-Atlantic Forest Highly Invaded by Alien Organisms” that was published in Banisteria 23 (Table 1, page 29). In the paper “Medically Significant Bite by a Nabid Bug (Heteroptera: Nabidae)” published in Banisteria 33, pages 60-61, the third author’s name was incorrectly listed as Dedra McCreary. The correct spelling is Dreda McCreary. Virginia Natural History Society Website: va-nhs.org General Information The Virginia Natural History Society (VNHS) was formed in 1992 to bring together persons interested in the natural history of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The VNHS defines natural history in a broad sense, from the study of plants, animals, and other organisms to the geology and ecology of the state, to the natural history of the native people who inhabit it. The goals of the VNHS are to promote research on the natural history of Virginia, educate the citizens of the Commonwealth on natural history topics, and to encourage the conservation of natural resources. Dissemination of natural history information occurs through publication of the journal Banisteria, named for John Banister (1650-1692) who was the first university- trained naturalist to work in Virginia. The first issue was published in 1992, and the journal is published twice per year in spring and fall. Articles cover a wide array of subjects, and prospective authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts on any aspect of natural history in Virginia; book reviews and biographies of relevance to natural history in Virginia are also welcomed. The editor of Banisteria will also consider manuscripts on any aspect of natural history from neighboring states if the information concerns a Species native to Virginia or the topic is directly related to regional archaeology, anthropology, botany, ecology, zoology, paleontology, geology, geography, or climatology. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed for suitability and edited for inclusion in the journal. Page charges ($15/page) are waived for VNHS members. The society’s website contains instructions for authors, the titles (and abstracts beginning in 2004) of all Banisteria papers, and downloadable versions (PDF format) of numerous articles from past years. Memberships The VNHS is open to anyone with an interest in natural history and welcomes participation by all members in society activities and efforts to promote education and conservation. Membership includes a subscription to Banisteria and invitations to periodic symposia and BioBlitz surveys. Annual dues for members are $20 (per calendar year); library subscriptions are $40 per year. Checks should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer, who also has back issues of Banisteria available at $10.00 each (except Nos. 1-6 are $5.00 and No. 13 is $18.00). The VNHS is a tax-exempt, nonprofit, society under Section 501(C)3 of the IRS. We welcome donations to support our mission in Virginia. The Virginia Natural History Society Application for Membership Name Address Zip Code Phone Email Area(s) of Interest ANNUAL DUES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS TO BANISTERIA (memberships and subscriptions are by calendar year; subscribers/members outside the United States should add $3.00 for additional postage) $500.00 Life (not annual) $300.00 Benefactor $100.00 Patron $50.00 Supporting $40.00 Institutional $25.00 Family $20.00 Regular $5.00 Student (see below) L L L L L Ee] L L L I have added a contribution of $ to my membership dues. The special student rate 1s applicable only when accompanied by the following certification signed by a faculty advisor. Institution Advisor Date Make checks or money orders payable to: Virginia Natural History Society Send membership form and dues to: Dr. William Shear, Secretary-Treasurer Virginia Natural History Society Box 96 Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943